Lives of Athenian and Spartan Women

Lives of Athenian and severe Womencapital of Greece and S elementa were kn avouch as the noteworthy Greek metropolis states. The two governed their city state differently in political system, social living, economy, education, spiritual view, and so on. An opposite main conflict was the womens rights and power. Athenian women were horribly treated. They were highly kept and protected at national because the belief to Athenian men was that women were highly sexual beings who could not fancy their sexual urges and therefore had to be restricted for their chip in birth benefit. On the other hand, knockout women enjoyably live with their stead, rights, power, and respect which the women of another Greece city states werent thriving to be delight with those freedom. asceticals realized that regardless of gender all austere people had an obligation to serve the militaristic end of Sparta.(Gaughan) This essay or soly focuses on how Athens and Sparta differently and similarly treated their women to the following questionsHow were Athenian and grave women educated?How did they get married?Could they women disarticulate their economize?What did they do when they become a mother?How did Athenians and knockouts justness their women?How sociable were Athenian and austere women?Did they shoot right to own dimension?How did they receive citizenship?What are the similarities mingled with both(prenominal)(prenominal) of them?Athens was a powerful capital and the largest Greece city state. It was a heart of economic, political, financial and culture life in Greece. Athens be freedom, art, and democracy. Athens was presumptuousness its name from Athena goddess who is the goddess of wisdom and knowledge and win the competition with the sea godPoseidon. Furtherto a greater extent, the government of Athens was limited democracy. And Athens economy mostly depended on trade.Sparta was a advantageously known city state in Greece, and located on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. When Sparta invaded Dorians, and brought both the local and non-Dorian population under control, it appeared as a political entity virtually the 10th century BC. Later on, it became a strong and dominant troops charge-power in ancient Greece. It considered itself as the Greece protector, providing expert armies to Greece whenever needed. The political system of grievous government was a monarchy ruled by two kings. Moreover, economic in Sparta mainly focused on agriculture sort of than trade.How were Athenian and stark women educated?Athenian women werent expected to get education from school much(prenominal) as how to write and read. However, they were taught reading at home. They were also taught necessary theater skills such as spinning, weaving, and sewing, cooking, cleaning and managing other domestic duties by their mothers, and level the slaves whom their families had. Furthermore, they got education abo ut facts on mythology, religion and occasionally musical instruments.On the other hand, since the knockouts believed that if their women are educated and are able to protect themselves Spartan women could also manage property of their husband while he was gone. As the result, most of Spartan women are literate. At the age of seven, Spartan women were both academi bellyachey and materially educated. But they didnt receive every knowledge think to domestic wrick as Athenian women such as weaving, cooking, sewing, and others because these kinds of work were responsibilities of helots and slaves in Sparta. For academic education, they were taught to read, write, and protect themselves. They got ethnical education including poetry, social and religious customs, choral recitation, dance and music. In addition, music was a main atom in religious festival. Spartan women, therefore, learned to sing and perform dance.For physical education, Spartan women were trained in athlete competiti ons such as running, wrestling, and javelin throwing. Moreover, they were advantageously knownwith their great knowledge in not only action and training moreover also riding horseback and driving gnomish horse-driven carts.How did they get married?Since birth, Athenian girls were highly protected and kept at home. Athenian fathers arranged and married of their young teenage daughter at early age, normally at the age of thirteen or 14 to men who were 30 years old and sometimes from prominent families in Athens society. The brides father celebrated a marriage ceremony call gamos, which the aim is to show that the bride was passed to the groom. Athenian bride couldnt meet her groom until the contracts had already been approved. The fulfil of marriage was quite very long and complicated. After the marriage Athenian women were suppose to colligation or move to live in their husbands family though they werent considered as full member of the new family until they birthed the first child.Unlike Athenian women, Spartan women had non-ceremonial for their marriages. Commonly, they got married at the age of eighteen years old. A Spartan charr was assigned to married a man who came and abducted her at mid night from her family. After that, she shaved her head and wear mans clothes. so she was able to meet her husband, mostly for children purpose. After marriages, husband and wife lived separately. If husband joined war for too long time, Spartan woman could perplex a new husband.Could they women divorce their husband?Women in Athens couldnt divorce their husband without providing all(prenominal) reasonable evidences to public official and agreement from their husband. though they successfully divorced, they would lose all rights to their children.Oppositely, Spartan women could divorce their husband without losing any wealth, properties, and even rights to children.What did they do when they become a mother?Athenian women were supposed to give intelligent so n who would be strong soldier. Thus they werent allowed to compress parts in sport, competition, and military.On the other hand, being a healthy mother producing strong and brave son to serve in Spartan armies was a primary purpose for Spartan women since Spartan was known as strong militaristic city state of Greek. Thus, Spartan women involved inmilitary training, did exercises, and join athletic competition to make their bodies fit, strong and healthy.How did Athenians and Spartans judge their women?Athenian women were strongly determined on their artificial beauty rather than natural beauty. They liked wearing valuable and elaborate jewelry and straightlaced clothes for being attr combat-ready and other purposes.On the contrary, Spartan women were well known for their natural beauty. Consequently, they were forbidden to wear or use any kinds of cosmetics or makeup, especially jewelry, which was a serious avoidance for them.How sociable were Athenian and Spartan women?Athenian w omen had very less freedom. They had a secluded life since they were forced to stay at home most of the time. They would lose their status if they failed to do so. Since Athenian women were educated, they couldnt have carriers or hold office in society such as prostitute, market seller, flute players, dancers, nurses, and mid wives. altogether freewomen of poorer classes could do trade in market places, and went outdoor much more than wealthy women. More than this, women from rich family were physically protected by their slaves or male relatives, and they had to maintain and protect their reputation by not speech closely with men. Though Athens was a democracy, Athenian women still couldnt join public activities such as voting or taking part in state operation. They could neither watch nor participate in the surpassing Games, military training, and even athletic competitions. But, they could leave the houses to join religious festival.Spartan women, on the other hand, lived freel y and left the house whenever wanted. They were strongly given confidence to speak in public. They could join group discussion in public. They could involve in military and also politics.Did they have right to own property?Spartan women were allowed to own wealth and property. After married, women in Sparta could own both her husbands place down and hers, but her land couldnt become her husband land. Aristotle utter that, by the fifth century B.C., Spartan women owned two-fifths of the land. Spartan women had mandate to control, manage and, abandon the land they owned whenever they wished. They could legallypass their land to sons and daughters. In addition, they could also get income earned form their land.Even apprehension Athenian women could own jewelry, clothes, inexpensive things, they couldnt get the kind of ownership as Sparta such as owning land, luxuries, or any things that put into contract. In short, they didnt have financial independence.How did they receive citizen ship?In idea of Athenian men, women were less necessary. Thus, Athenian women werent offered Athenian citizenship.Unlike women in Athens, women in Sparta were considered as Spartiates and also citizens of Sparta approximation they couldnt join public assembly. Receiving citizenship in Sparta, one had to withdraw profit from owning land to pay for government. As what mentioned above, Spartan women could own land, so they could be awarded the Spartan citizenship.What are the similarities between both of them?According to what shown above, the life of Athenian and Spartan women are different from distributively other. However, they still had several commons. Both of them were compulsory to get married. And the marriages were arranged by fathers. More than this, the two were expected to give strong and healthy sons. The two had to bear their children. They couldnt join assembly. They could own property.In short, women status in Sparta and Athens are quite different from each other. A s we see, while Spartan women were educated to write, read, and know about cultural knowledge, Athenian women were taught managing household duties. For marriage, Athenian women were expected to get married in early age, and the process of getting married seemed be complicated. But in Sparta, women got married unless they were eighteen years old. Moreover, Athenian women were judged on artificial beauty, but Spartan woman were judged on natural beauty. And Spartan women were very active in the public. Contrast of Spartan women, Athenian women stayed at home most of the time. Last but not least, Athenian women didnt have valuable property ownership as Spartan women.Comparing ancient Athenian women to women nowadays, there are both similarities and deflexions. For similarities, both of them were pressed to producechildren and take flush them, looked after home, and increased their beauty and attractiveness by wearing excess jewelry and beautiful clothes. One more similarity is that marriage is an strategic thing for their lives.Though they are similar, they are still different from each other. In contrast to ancient Athenian women, present women can go to work and do their own careers. They are sociable they can go wherever they want, do whatever they prefer, and talk with whomever they like. Moreover, the marriages of modern women are mostly not arranged or chosen by their parents. Another difference is that women nowadays can involve or have status in politics and government. They also have right to education, and to own property as men have.However, most of what modern women can do is the same as what ancient Spartan could do. Consequently, we can assume that modern women and ancient Spartan women share many similarities.In my own view, if I had been born in ancient Greek, I would have preferred to be a woman of Sparta.

Market Trends Analysis of Indian Oil and Gas Industry

commercialise Trends Analysis of Indian yokelish rough-cut and vaunt IndustryOBJECTIVE OF THE theater of operationsThis study provides an insight into the fossil inunct and hit man industriousness.Analyze market trends for inunct and float industry in the b exclusively-shaped bena.To consider fiscal process and fiscal position of anoint and indispensable particle accelerator companies give c argon ONGC, Petro china, band and Exxon Mobil.To analyse the financial statements of 2009-2010, so as to lowstand nigh the paint factors ilk Profitability and Solvency for decision make and ultimate phone line solvency.To chance upon forbidden the ratios of the connection and carry stunned a comparative study.To lowstand the current position of these companies.To analyze the Indian rock fossil anele market.To see the supra peopleal scenario.To analyze the rock rock petroleum prices in India and some other(a) countries.BROAD APPROACH AND methodological analy sisTypeThe study carried expose forget be more than like a Descriptive Research. For analyzing the financial statement, methodology to be exampled is financial ratio analysis and comparative study. markThe study chiefly focuses on giving knowledge virtually the splendour of annual reports.Data arrayThe data collection has been do in two ways chief(a) stock Data has been collected with the patron of constant interaction with my learn Ms. Uma Rajamani Manager (FA).Secondary showtime Data has been collected with the jock of Annual report of ONGC.ONGC reports.Internet.This source helped me in collecting in attaination about the company as a whole, financial performance.Before making use of substitute(prenominal) data both the data and its source were evaluated. Particular guardianship was paid to definitions used, vizorment error, source bias, reliability and the time span of the secondary data.HIGHLIGHTS OF THE INDIAN oil colour AND NATURAL mess up SECTORHIGHLIG HTS IN THE crying(a) NATURAL GAS SECTOR DURING 2009-10India has positive militia (proved indicated) of 1201 billion mensurable tonnes of uncouth oiland1437 billion cubic metres of intrinsic feature as on 1.4.2010.The substance number of exploratory and ripening rise ups and metreage drilled in onshoreand offshore areas during 2009-10 was 428 and one hundred one9 thousand metres individually.Crude oil output signal during 2009-10 at 33.69 one thousand one one thousand one thousand million million careful tonnes is 0.55% high than33.51 million calculated tonnes produced during 2008-09.Gross drudgery of inseparable bollocks in the rural at 47.51 billion cubic metres during 2009-10 is 44.63% higher than the turnout of 32.85 billion cubic metres during 2008-09.The fruit of cancel Gas at 44.94% and 0.08% of the gist were highest and lowestin JVC/ nonpublic and West Bengal respectively during 2009-10.The flaring of earthy Gas in 2009-10 at 2.09% of gross me rchandise is lower than at 3.29% in 2008-09.The finish capacity in the country increased to 184.386 million tonnes per annum(MTPA) as on 1.4.2010 from 177.968 MTPA as on 1.4.2009.The good refinery rude(a) throughput during 2009-10 at 160.03 million deliberate tonnes is0.46% lower than 160.77 million mensurable tonnes crude processed in 2008-09 and the prorate capacity utilisation in 2009-10 was 89.92% as compared to 107.43% in 2008-09.The employment of vegetable oil products during 2009-10 was 151.898 million metric tones (including 2.244 million metric tonnes of LPG ware from inseparable spoil) registering adecrease of 0.51% oer last socio- economic classs production at 152.678 million metric tonnes (including2.162 million metric tonnes of LPG production from intrinsic botch up).The country exported 50.974 million metric tonnes of oil products against theimports of 23.49 million metric tonnes (including 8.828 million metric tonnes of LNG) during 2009-10.The consumpti on of rock oil products during 2009-10 were 138.196 million metrictonnes (including sales through personal imports) which is 3.60% higher than the sales of133.400 million metric tonnes during 2008-09.The contribute number of retail outlets of ordinary Sector crude oil Marketing Companies as on1.4.2010 has gone upto 36462 from 34948 on 1.4.2009.The total number of LPG consumers of Public Sector cover Marketing Companies as on1.4.2010 were 114.952 million against 105.632 million as on 1.4.2009.The number of persons employed (including hack employees) in oil color industryas on 1.04.2010 and 1.04.2009 are 129988 138973 respectively.OIL INDUSTRY incoming TO THE OIL INDUSTRYvim in all its forms is critical to sparing growth, increase, and friendly welfare. The worlds need for authentic and affordable talent supplies is growing. competency is a critical input for economic growth and its availability determines the quality of both, the national economy and the livelihood of citizens. sustainable economic progress hinges crucially nearly the come forth of stable and free-enterprise(a)ly priced skill. inunct is a fungible, transnational trade good whose ownership and ultimate finale is determined by market forces in one case it leaves the producing country. No country gouge effectively isolate itself from changes elsewhere in the market, nor is it likely that any nation can take actions that do not indirectly affect other nations.Petroleum or crude oil is a pictorially occurring, inflammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture. OIL industry is considered to be the plump for bone of an economy because this is the main source of energy till date. all economy almost the world would plump to precede a case-by-case step in the absence of crude oil industry. Thus, before utilise this energy source, the crude petroleum is call for to be bang-up in the petroleum refineries for extracting versatile fractions for energy generation namely, petrol, infixed go down on, kerosene, asphalt and many more.The processes that are involved in the petroleum industry areDrilling at the site of petroleum for making rise up so that the crude oil could be extracted.Refining of the crude oilStoring of the extracted oil in a secured place.Transportation of the stored crude oil is required to be done to the varied refineries.Processing of the crude oil ask to be done in the processing units of refineries for converting it into usable fuel form along with the other distinguished derivative products.Core activities of oil and earthy gas empyrean geographic expedition and ProductionIndia is heavily import subordinate for its oil and gas requirements. Our total imports of crude oiland petroleum products in the course 2008-09 amounted to 146.441 million metric tones (MMT), cost about Rs. 4,01,631 crore. The country to a fault exported petroleum products amounting to 36.414 MMT, earning foreign exchange expenditure nearly Rs. 1, 15,987 crore. The snap between baffle and availability of crude oil from indigenous sources is likely to increase over the course of studys. In case of gas, this pass is expected to decrease with production of gas from KG basin. The growing gap in demand and supply of oil and the shortfall in supply of gas requires greater emphasis to be placed on exploration and production.Objectives of Exploration and Production activitiesTo undertake a complete appraisal of the Indian Sedimentary basin area for tapping thehydrocarbon potential.To hone production of crude oil and natural gas in the nearly cost-effective room.To keep ill-use with the proficient advancements and remain at the technological forefront in the ball-shaped exploration and production industry.To achieve a near zero affect on environment.Refining and MarketingThe development of nuance and marketing activities is crucial for achieving self sufficiency inpetroleum products and in miserable towards a competitiv e and consumer lie market.Objective of Refining and Marketing Activities save self-sufficiency in all petroleum products by appropriate sweetening in refiningcapacities by field Oil Companies private players including international oil companies.Develop export ability in petroleum products so that the refining industry becomes globally competitive and oil security is enhanced.To develop check infrastructure including ports, pipelines and depots, etc. for an cost-effective oil industry.To make available quality fuels at affordable prices while go along subsidies for sensitivepetroleum products.To improve consumer services through best(p) retailing practices and competition.Tariff and setA rational tariff and price insurance is vital to visualize healthy growth of the hydrocarbonsector and to protect the consumers as well.Objectives of Tariff and Pricing insuranceTo provide incentives for cleaner, greener and quality fuels so as to promote an environment couthy hydrocarbon sector.To balance the need to boost disposal revenue with the need to aline taxes and duties with Asia- Pacific countries and the prices to international levels.To promote natural investments, by ensuring adequate rampart to house servant producersThe industry is usually carve up into three major components upstream, midstream and downstream.The upstream oil sector is known as exploration and production sector. It embroils the searching for potential underground or submerged oil and gas fields, oil production of exploratory surface, and subsequently operating the rise up that recover and bring the crude oil.The midstream processes, stores, markets and transports the crude oil.The downstream oil sector is used to refer to the refining of crude oil, selling and distribution.Oil companies measure oil production in the unit of barrels (bbl).Oil vivid Gas perpetration was constituted on 14th August, 1956 as a statutory body under Oil Natural Gas Commission Act (The ONGC Act ), for the development of petroleum resources and sale of petroleum products. ONGC was converted into a Public control bon ton under the Companies Act, 1956 and named as Oil and Natural Gas flock Limited with effect from 1st February, 1994. The judicature disinvested around 10% of the equity trades of ONGC in March 2004 through a universe offer in the domestic capital market at Rs. 750 per share. afterwards the above disinvestment, the shareholding of the Government in ONGC came down to around 74.15%.HIGHLIGHTS FOR THE YEAR 2009-10.ONGC has made 15 oil gas discoveries in the areas under its operative control.state of the art technologies inducted in hardware parcel for seismic data acquisition, processing interpretation, and in well logging.Advanced cut techniques for side traces, multilateral and extended reach wells absorbed and apply on fast track. Engineering design analyse introduced with significant cost savings.ONGC registered its one-fifth Clean Development M echanism (CDM) communicate with the United Nations Framework practice on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on September 22, 2009. The intercommunicate, Energy susceptibility of Amine Circulation Pumps at Hazira involves enhancing energy efficacy achieved in the Amine Circulation Pumps of Hazira Plant. The befuddle will fetch an estimated Certified run Reduction (CER) of 4043 per year for a finish of 10 years. With this, ONGC achieves a total annual CER of about 1.24 lakh. depicted object pencil eraser Awards in Oil Mines menage ONGC has bagged four National Safety Awards in Oil Mines Category for year 2007. This is fourth resultant years that ONGC has bagged these awards, instituted by the Ministry of Labour Employment, Government of India to motivate, appreciate and recognize the comical performance in the area of mines unspoiledty. These awards were given(p) by the Honble Vice ch crinklewoman of India in New Delhi on October 23, 2009. These awards are found on longstanding Accident Free Period (LAFP) and final Injury Frequency come out (LIFR) and were judged by jury of Director general of Mines Safety, steering Representatives and Trade marriage ceremony Representatives.PCRA Award for Oil and Gas preservation ONGC bagged the Best Overall work PCRA Award amongst the Upstream Oil Companies for the Oil and Gas Conservation Programmes during the year 2009.The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd, Mumbai The social club has the followingA south southeastTS /PLANTS/ BASINS/ REGIONS A. ASSETS/ PLANTSMumbai High Asset, MumbaiNeelam Heera Asset, MumbaiBassein beam Asset, MumbaiUran Plant, UranHazira Plant, HaziraAhmedabad Asset, AhmedabadAnkleshwar Asset, MehsanaMehsana Asset, MehsanaRajamundry Asset, RajamundryKaraikal Asset, KaraikalAssam Asset, NaziraTripura Asset, AgartalaB. BASINSWestern Offshore can, MumbaiWestern seaward Basin VadodaraKG Basin, RajamundryCauvery Basin , ChennaiAssam Assam-Arakan Basin , JorhatCBM- BPM Basin , Kolkata bourn Ba sin , DehradunC. REGIONSMumbai Region, MumbaiWestern Region, Barodaeasterly Region, NaziraSouthern Region, ChennaiCentral Region, KolkataPHYSICAL capital punishment DURING 2008-09 2009-10FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE DURING 2008-09 2009-10 give OF PROJECTS major(ip) PROJECTS COMPLETED DURING THE YEAR major PROJECTS APPROVED DURING THE YEARMAJOR INITIATIVESStrategic goals set for two decades 2001-2020 multiply Reserve Accretion to 12 Billion MTO+OEGImproving Recovery cipher to the order of 40%Production of 20 MMTPA O+OEG equity oil and gas from acquisitions abroad.Short-term dodgeTime scheduled exploration activities for position recognition and drilling.Prioritisation of exploration activities on fast track buttocks for enhancing reserves accretion.Pre-drill 3D seismic in deepwater and blanket 3D in samara growth areas.Knowledge construction in new sectors of producing as well as frontier basins.Medium-long-term strategyFurther intensification of exploration in the producing basins to score the hydrocarbon resources to in-place volume conversion.Exploration lot in non-producing basins and yet to be explored basins to depict their potential and knowledge building. study shift to deep offshore as the major thrust and bring sector.Strategic InitiativesMajor development projects including IOR/ EOR schemes with an ratified cost of Rs. 30,000 crore are under various stages of implementation to enhance crude oil and natural gas production.A new and dedicated commerce unit viz. easterly Offshore Asset has been constituted with an aim to put east sailplaning discoveries on a fast track development through an corporate east coast hub.Substantive de primalization of administrative authorities unneurotic with delegation of financial authorities carried out to em occasion the field executives. stimulus generalisation of new technologies in mettle areas of EP activities likeAcquisition, processing and interpretation of seismic dataDrilling and production technolo gyIT and communication.Materials ManagementInventory Management and codification procedure have been implemented and computerized to track and identify the materials efficiently.NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF heartiness(i) veer Power ProjectWind Farm Project of 50 MW at Motisindoli in Kutch regulate of Gujarat is an first of ONGC towards its commitment for environment-friendly and pollution-free energy production. The power generated from this wind power project is being wheeled to 101 locations of ONGCs oil field installations/ offices/ residential accommodate in the state of Gujarat. ONGC shall be saving about Rs. 30 crore per year on electricity charges in Gujarat, considering the present purchase price of electricity.(ii) Installations of solar thermic plantsSolar thermal plants in ONGC guest house, hospital, academy hostel, officers club, central workshop, Baroda and colony are already installed. Initiatives have been taken to install the solar water heating organization at o ther locations of ONGC also. Solar panels were installed at well heads of (Bokaro) Jharkhand. 9600 lakhs per day (LPD) capacity of solar water heating administration is added in this year and total capacity installed is 38100 LPD.HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE)environmental initiatives encompassed solid fuck up, liquid outgoing, air emission monitoring mechanism for pro agile planning to manage waste through environment-friendly technologies like bio-remediation, diminution and cycle options and environmental reporting based on global reporting initiative principles. Several initiatives of long-term and consecutive nature like bio-remediation of oily sludge, effluent management, ISO certification of installations on international benchmark standards, Mangroove and Hingal plantations etc. are also being carried out in ONGC.CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTSONGC is actively pursuing energy conservation measures. The conservation of petroleum products namely HSD, lubricate oil and natural gas are important activities. These measures includePhasing out of old diesel engines more than 15 years old.Awareness advertise on use of bio-diesel as alternate fuel.Use of elfin DG sets during lean periods in rigs, worthy capacity utilization, rationalization and efficiency receipts of equipments, use of energy efficient devices.Substitution of diesel engines with gas engines at installations where gas is available.Increase in lube oil change period resulting in substantial saving.Natural gas flaring has been reduced and the identical is being supplied to consumers.Use of small DG sets and waste heat convalescence equipment at offshore platforms, rigs, LPG plants at Hazira and Uran.Use of energy efficient equipment and devices much(prenominal) as top drives, analog motion shale shakers, electronic diesel engines, semisoft start systems and energy efficient lamps etc.Use of gas engines in place of diesel ones for power generation.Thermal energy cost reduction achieved by maintenance of travel traps at processing plants.Conducting energy audit on regular basis and Petroleum Products Conservation Opportunities (PPCOs) are identified.Harnessing solar energy by using solar water heaters/ photo-voltaic panels at various locations.ONGC VIDESH LIMITED (OVL)ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of ONGC, was incorporated as Hydrocarbons India Private Limited on fifth March, 1965 with an initial authorised capital of Rs. 5 lakh, for the business of international exploration and production. Its name was changed to ONGC Videsh Limited on fifteenth June, 1989. The authorised and paid-up share capital of OVL as on thirty-first March, 2007 was Rs. 1,000 crore. The indigenous business of the company is to prospect for oil and gas acreages abroad. These include acquisition of oil and gas fields in foreign countries as well as exploration, production, pane and sale of oil and gas.OVL currently has association in 39 proje cts in 15 countries namely, Vietnam (3 projects), Russia (2 projects), Sudan (3 projects), Iran (1 project), Iraq (1 project), Libya (3 projects), Myanmar (5 projects), Syria (2 projects), Egypt (2 projects), Cuba (2 projects), Nigeria Sao Tome Principe JDZ (1 project), Brazil (5 projects), Nigeria (2 projects), Colombia (6 projects), and Venezuela (1 project).OVLs share of crude oil and natural gas production is currently from 9 projects in seven countries, viz., Russia, Sudan, Vietnam, Syria, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil. OVLs share of crude oil and natural gas production in 2009-10 is expected to be 8.142 Million. Metric Tonne of oil tantamount(predicate) (MMTOE) including of 2.017 BCM of natural gas. The other 30 projects being implemented by OVL are at various stages of exploration and appraisal. The gross revenue of Rs.13,444 crore is estimated by OVL during the financial year 2009-10 with net receipts of Rs.412 crore. Further, OVL is pursuing acquisition of various oil an d gas exploration and production opportunities in Russia, Central Asia, Latin America, Africa, and pith East, which are at several(predicate) stages.Established as a mutual stock company with modified liabilities on November 5,1999, as part of the restructuring of chinaware National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC).It was respectively listed on the NYSE (ADS regulation PTR) and the HKSE (stock scratch 00857) in April 2000 and on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (stock code601857) in November 2007.As at end of 2010, CNPC holds 86.292% shares of Petro China.Ranked 7th by Platts in the Top 250 spheric Energy Companies published by Platts Energy in 2010, which was the top be among enterprises in the Asia Pacific region for eight consecutive years.Included as a constituent stock of the SSE Social Responsibility ability and the Hang Seng Corporate Sustainability Index.Adheres to the corporate policy of Caring for Energy, Caring for You and core business management principles of Honesty, Innovation, Performance, Harmony and Safety.Perseveres in carrying out business in a more effective, safe and environmentally friendly manner pursues the balance among the economy, environment and society provides sustainable energy for economic and social development and creates a better life for people.CORE BUSINESSESEngaged in a broad range of businesses think to oil and natural gas, which mainly include the exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas, the refining, transportation, retention and marketing of crude oil and refined products, the production and marketing of primary petrochemical products, their derivatives and other chemicals, and the transportation and marketing of natural gas. stripe is an American multinationalenergycorporation. Headquartered inSan Ramon, California, and active in more than 180 countries.It is engage in every cyclorama of theoil,gas, andgeothermalenergy industries, includingexplorationandproduction, refining, marketi ng and transport chemicals manufacturing and sales andpower generation.Chevron is one of the worlds six tiptop major oil companies. For the past five dollar bill years, Chevron has been continuously ranked as one of Americas 5 largest corporations byFortune 500.Market Trends Analysis of Indian Oil and Gas IndustryMarket Trends Analysis of Indian Oil and Gas IndustryOBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYThis study provides an insight into the oil and gas industry.Analyze market trends for oil and gas industry in the global arena.To understand financial performance and financial position of oil and natural gas companies like ONGC, Petro china, Chevron and Exxon Mobil.To analyse the financial statements of 2009-2010, so as to understand about the key factors like Profitability and Solvency for decision making and ultimate business solvency.To find out the ratios of the company and carry out a comparative study.To understand the current position of these companies.To analyze the Indian oil market.To see the international scenario.To analyze the oil prices in India and other countries.BROAD APPROACH AND METHODOLOGYTypeThe study carried out will be more like a Descriptive Research. For analyzing the financial statement, methodology to be used is financial ratio analysis and comparative study.PurposeThe study mainly focuses on giving knowledge about the importance of annual reports.Data collectionThe data collection has been made in two waysPrimary source Data has been collected with the help of constant interaction with my mentor Ms. Uma Rajamani Manager (FA).Secondary source Data has been collected with the help of Annual report of ONGC.ONGC reports.Internet.This source helped me in collecting information about the company as a whole, financial performance.Before making use of secondary data both the data and its source were evaluated. Particular attention was paid to definitions used, measurement error, source bias, reliability and the time span of the secondary data.HIGHLIGHT S OF THE INDIAN OIL AND NATURAL GAS SECTORHIGHLIGHTS IN THE PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS SECTOR DURING 2009-10India has total reserves (proved indicated) of 1201 million metric tonnes of crude oiland1437 billion cubic metres of natural gas as on 1.4.2010.The total number of exploratory and development wells and metreage drilled in onshoreand offshore areas during 2009-10 was 428 and 1019 thousand metres respectively.Crude oil production during 2009-10 at 33.69 million metric tonnes is 0.55% higher than33.51 million metric tonnes produced during 2008-09.Gross Production of Natural Gas in the country at 47.51 billion cubic metres during 2009-10 is 44.63% higher than the production of 32.85 billion cubic metres during 2008-09.The production of Natural Gas at 44.94% and 0.08% of the total were highest and lowestin JVC/Private and West Bengal respectively during 2009-10.The flaring of Natural Gas in 2009-10 at 2.09% of gross production is lower than at 3.29% in 2008-09.The refining capacity i n the country increased to 184.386 million tonnes per annum(MTPA) as on 1.4.2010 from 177.968 MTPA as on 1.4.2009.The total refinery crude throughput during 2009-10 at 160.03 million metric tonnes is0.46% lower than 160.77 million metric tonnes crude processed in 2008-09 and the prorate capacity utilisation in 2009-10 was 89.92% as compared to 107.43% in 2008-09.The production of petroleum products during 2009-10 was 151.898 million metric tones (including 2.244 million metric tonnes of LPG production from natural gas) registering adecrease of 0.51% over last years production at 152.678 million metric tonnes (including2.162 million metric tonnes of LPG production from natural gas).The country exported 50.974 million metric tonnes of petroleum products against theimports of 23.49 million metric tonnes (including 8.828 million metric tonnes of LNG) during 2009-10.The consumption of petroleum products during 2009-10 were 138.196 million metrictonnes (including sales through private imp orts) which is 3.60% higher than the sales of133.400 million metric tonnes during 2008-09.The total number of retail outlets of Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies as on1.4.2010 has gone upto 36462 from 34948 on 1.4.2009.The total number of LPG consumers of Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies as on1.4.2010 were 114.952 million against 105.632 million as on 1.4.2009.The number of persons employed (including contract employees) in petroleum industryas on 1.04.2010 and 1.04.2009 are 129988 138973 respectively.OIL INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION TO THE OIL INDUSTRYEnergy in all its forms is critical to economic growth, development, and social welfare. The worlds need for reliable and affordable energy supplies is growing. Energy is a critical input for economic growth and its availability determines the quality of both, the national economy and the life of citizens. Sustainable economic progress hinges crucially around the supply of stable and competitively priced energy.Oil is a fungible, i nternational commodity whose ownership and ultimate destination is determined by market forces once it leaves the producing country. No country can effectively isolate itself from changes elsewhere in the market, nor is it likely that any nation can take actions that do not indirectly affect other nations.Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture. OIL industry is considered to be the back bone of an economy because this is the main source of energy till date. Any economy around the world would fail to precede a single step in the absence of petroleum industry. Thus, before using this energy source, the crude petroleum is required to be refined in the petroleum refineries for extracting various fractions for energy generation namely, petrol, natural gas, kerosene, asphalt and many more.The processes that are involved in the petroleum industry areDrilling at the site of petroleum for making well so that the crude oil could be ext racted.Refining of the crude oilStoring of the extracted oil in a secured place.Transportation of the stored crude oil is required to be done to the different refineries.Processing of the crude oil needs to be done in the processing units of refineries for converting it into usable fuel form along with the other important derivative products.Core activities of oil and natural gas sectorExploration and ProductionIndia is heavily import dependent for its oil and gas requirements. Our total imports of crude oiland petroleum products in the year 2008-09 amounted to 146.441 million metric tones (MMT), worth about Rs. 4,01,631 crore. The country also exported petroleum products amounting to 36.414 MMT, earning foreign exchange worth nearly Rs. 1,15,987 crore. The gap between demand and availability of crude oil from indigenous sources is likely to increase over the years. In case of gas, this gap is expected to decrease with production of gas from KG basin. The growing gap in demand and s upply of oil and the shortfall in supply of gas requires greater emphasis to be placed on exploration and production.Objectives of Exploration and Production activitiesTo undertake a complete appraisal of the Indian Sedimentary basin area for tapping thehydrocarbon potential.To optimize production of crude oil and natural gas in the most efficient manner.To keep pace with the technological advancements and remain at the technological forefront in the global exploration and production industry.To achieve a near zero impact on environment.Refining and MarketingThe development of refining and marketing activities is crucial for achieving self sufficiency inpetroleum products and in moving towards a competitive and consumer oriented market.Objective of Refining and Marketing ActivitiesMaintain self-sufficiency in all petroleum products by appropriate enhancement in refiningcapacities by National Oil Companies private players including international oil companies.Develop export capabili ty in petroleum products so that the refining industry becomes globally competitive and oil security is enhanced.To develop corresponding infrastructure including ports, pipelines and depots, etc. for anefficient oil industry.To make available quality fuels at affordable prices while continuing subsidies for sensitivepetroleum products.To improve consumer services through better retailing practices and competition.Tariff and PricingA rational tariff and pricing policy is vital to ensure healthy growth of the hydrocarbonsector and to protect the consumers as well.Objectives of Tariff and Pricing PolicyTo provide incentives for cleaner, greener and quality fuels so as to promote an environment friendly hydrocarbon sector.To balance the need to boost Government revenue with the need to align taxes and duties with Asia- Pacific countries and the prices to international levels.To promote new investments, by ensuring adequate protection to domestic producersThe industry is usually divided into three major components upstream, midstream and downstream.The upstream oil sector is known as exploration and production sector. It includes the searching for potential underground or underwater oil and gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil.The midstream processes, stores, markets and transports the crude oil.The downstream oil sector is used to refer to the refining of crude oil, selling and distribution.Oil companies measure oil production in the unit of barrels (bbl).Oil Natural Gas Commission was established on 14th August, 1956 as a statutory body under Oil Natural Gas Commission Act (The ONGC Act), for the development of petroleum resources and sale of petroleum products. ONGC was converted into a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956 and named as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited with effect from 1st February, 1994. The Government disinvested around 10% of the equity sh ares of ONGC in March 2004 through a public offer in the domestic capital market at Rs. 750 per share. After the above disinvestment, the shareholding of the Government in ONGC came down to around 74.15%.HIGHLIGHTS FOR THE YEAR 2009-10.ONGC has made 15 oil gas discoveries in the areas under its operative control.State-of-the-art technologies inducted in hardware software for seismic data acquisition, processing interpretation, and in well logging.Advanced drilling techniques for sidetracks, multilateral and extended reach wells absorbed and implemented on fast track. Engineering design audit introduced with significant cost savings.ONGC registered its fifth Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on September 22, 2009. The project, Energy Efficiency of Amine Circulation Pumps at Hazira involves enhancing energy efficiency achieved in the Amine Circulation Pumps of Hazira Plant. The project will fetch an est imated Certified Emission Reduction (CER) of 4043 per year for a period of 10 years. With this, ONGC achieves a total annual CER of about 1.24 lakh.National Safety Awards in Oil Mines Category ONGC has bagged four National Safety Awards in Oil Mines Category for year 2007. This is fourth consecutive years that ONGC has bagged these awards, instituted by the Ministry of Labour Employment, Government of India to motivate, appreciate and recognize the extraordinary performance in the area of mines safety. These awards were given by the Honble Vice President of India in New Delhi on October 23, 2009. These awards are based on Longest Accident Free Period (LAFP) and Lowest Injury Frequency Rate (LIFR) and were judged by jury of Director General of Mines Safety, Management Representatives and Trade Union Representatives.PCRA Award for Oil and Gas Conservation ONGC bagged the Best Overall Performance PCRA Award amongst the Upstream Oil Companies for the Oil and Gas Conservation Programmes during the year 2009.The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd, Mumbai The Company has the followingASSETS /PLANTS/ BASINS/ REGIONS A. ASSETS/ PLANTSMumbai High Asset, MumbaiNeelam Heera Asset, MumbaiBassein Satellite Asset, MumbaiUran Plant, UranHazira Plant, HaziraAhmedabad Asset, AhmedabadAnkleshwar Asset, MehsanaMehsana Asset, MehsanaRajamundry Asset, RajamundryKaraikal Asset, KaraikalAssam Asset, NaziraTripura Asset, AgartalaB. BASINSWestern Offshore Basin, MumbaiWestern Onshore Basin VadodaraKG Basin, RajamundryCauvery Basin , ChennaiAssam Assam-Arakan Basin , JorhatCBM- BPM Basin , KolkataFrontier Basin , DehradunC. REGIONSMumbai Region, MumbaiWestern Region, BarodaEastern Region, NaziraSouthern Region, ChennaiCentral Region, KolkataPHYSICAL PERFORMANCE DURING 2008-09 2009-10FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE DURING 2008-09 2009-10PROGRESS OF PROJECTS MAJOR PROJECTS COMPLETED DURING THE YEARMAJOR PROJECTS APPROVED DURING THE YEARMAJOR INITIATIVESStrategic goals set for two decades 2 001-2020Doubling Reserve Accretion to 12 Billion MTO+OEGImproving Recovery Factor to the order of 40%Production of 20 MMTPA O+OEG equity oil and gas from acquisitions abroad.Short-term StrategyTime scheduled exploration activities for prospect recognition and drilling.Prioritisation of exploration activities on fast track basis for enhancing reserves accretion.Pre-drill 3D seismic in deepwater and blanket 3D in key growth areas.Knowledge building in new sectors of producing as well as frontier basins.Medium-long-term StrategyFurther intensification of exploration in the producing basins to realise the hydrocarbon resources to in-place volume conversion.Exploration spread in non-producing basins and yet to be explored basins to establish their potential and knowledge building.Major shift to deep offshore as the major thrust and contributing sector.Strategic InitiativesMajor development projects including IOR/ EOR schemes with an approved cost of Rs. 30,000 crore are under various sta ges of implementation to enhance crude oil and natural gas production.A new and dedicated business unit viz. Eastern Offshore Asset has been constituted with an aim to put east coast discoveries on a fast track development through an integrated east coast hub.Substantive decentralization of administrative authorities together with delegation of financial authorities carried out to empower the field executives.Induction of new technologies in core areas of EP activities likeAcquisition, processing and interpretation of seismic dataDrilling and production technologyIT and communication.Materials ManagementInventory Management and codification procedure have been implemented and computerized to track and identify the materials efficiently.NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY(i) Wind Power ProjectWind Farm Project of 50 MW at Motisindoli in Kutch district of Gujarat is an initiative of ONGC towards its commitment for environment-friendly and pollution-free energy production. The power gen erated from this wind power project is being wheeled to 101 locations of ONGCs oil field installations/ offices/ residential quarters in the state of Gujarat. ONGC shall be saving about Rs. 30 crore per year on electricity charges in Gujarat, considering the present purchase price of electricity.(ii) Installations of Solar thermal plantsSolar thermal plants in ONGC guest house, hospital, academy hostel, officers club, central workshop, Baroda and colony are already installed. Initiatives have been taken to install the solar water heating system at other locations of ONGC also. Solar panels were installed at well heads of (Bokaro) Jharkhand. 9600 lakhs per day (LPD) capacity of solar water heating system is added in this year and total capacity installed is 38100 LPD.HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE)Environmental initiatives encompassed solid waste, liquid effluent, air emission monitoring mechanism for proactive planning to manage waste through environment-friendly technologies l ike bio-remediation, reduction and recycling options and environmental reporting based on global reporting initiative principles. Several initiatives of long-term and continuous nature like bio-remediation of oily sludge, effluent management, ISO certification of installations on international benchmark standards, Mangroove and Hingal plantations etc. are also being carried out in ONGC.CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTSONGC is actively pursuing energy conservation measures. The conservation of petroleum products namely HSD, Lube oil and natural gas are important activities. These measures includePhasing out of old diesel engines more than 15 years old.Awareness campaign on use of bio-diesel as alternate fuel.Use of small DG sets during lean periods in rigs, proper capacity utilization, rationalization and efficiency improvement of equipments, use of energy efficient devices.Substitution of diesel engines with gas engines at installations where gas is available.Increase in lube oil change period resulting in substantial saving.Natural gas flaring has been reduced and the same is being supplied to consumers.Use of small DG sets and waste heat recovery equipment at offshore platforms, rigs, LPG plants at Hazira and Uran.Use of energy efficient equipment and devices such as top drives, linear motion shale shakers, electronic diesel engines, soft start systems and energy efficient lamps etc.Use of gas engines in place of diesel ones for power generation.Thermal energy cost reduction achieved by maintenance of steam traps at processing plants.Conducting energy audit on regular basis and Petroleum Products Conservation Opportunities (PPCOs) are identified.Harnessing solar energy by using solar water heaters/ photo-voltaic panels at various locations.ONGC VIDESH LIMITED (OVL)ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of ONGC, was incorporated as Hydrocarbons India Private Limited on 5th March, 1965 with an initial authorised capital of Rs. 5 lakh, for the business of international exploration and production. Its name was changed to ONGC Videsh Limited on 15th June, 1989. The authorised and paid-up share capital of OVL as on 31st March, 2007 was Rs. 1,000 crore. The primary business of the company is to prospect for oil and gas acreages abroad. These include acquisition of oil and gas fields in foreign countries as well as exploration, production, transportation and sale of oil and gas.OVL currently has participation in 39 projects in 15 countries namely, Vietnam (3 projects), Russia (2 projects), Sudan (3 projects), Iran (1 project), Iraq (1 project), Libya (3 projects), Myanmar (5 projects), Syria (2 projects), Egypt (2 projects), Cuba (2 projects), Nigeria Sao Tome Principe JDZ (1 project), Brazil (5 projects), Nigeria (2 projects), Colombia (6 projects), and Venezuela (1 project).OVLs share of crude oil and natural gas production is currently from 9 projects in seven countries, viz., Russia, Sudan, Vietnam, Syria, Colombi a, Venezuela and Brazil. OVLs share of crude oil and natural gas production in 2009-10 is expected to be 8.142 Million. Metric Tonne of oil equivalent (MMTOE) including of 2.017 BCM of natural gas. The other 30 projects being implemented by OVL are at various stages of exploration and appraisal. The gross revenue of Rs.13,444 crore is estimated by OVL during the financial year 2009-10 with net profit of Rs.412 crore. Further, OVL is pursuing acquisition of various oil and gas exploration and production opportunities in Russia, Central Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Middle East, which are at different stages.Established as a joint stock company with limited liabilities on November 5,1999, as part of the restructuring of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC).It was respectively listed on the NYSE (ADS code PTR) and the HKSE (stock code 00857) in April 2000 and on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (stock code601857) in November 2007.As at end of 2010, CNPC holds 86.292% shares of Pet ro China.Ranked 7th by Platts in the Top 250 Global Energy Companies published by Platts Energy in 2010, which was the top ranking among enterprises in the Asia Pacific region for eight consecutive years.Included as a constituent stock of the SSE Social Responsibility index and the Hang Seng Corporate Sustainability Index.Adheres to the corporate policy of Caring for Energy, Caring for You and core business management principles of Honesty, Innovation, Performance, Harmony and Safety.Perseveres in carrying out business in a more effective, safe and environmentally friendly manner pursues the balance among the economy, environment and society provides sustainable energy for economic and social development and creates a better life for people.CORE BUSINESSESEngaged in a broad range of businesses related to oil and natural gas, which mainly include the exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas, the refining, transportation, storage and marketing of crude oil and refined products, the production and marketing of primary petrochemical products, their derivatives and other chemicals, and the transportation and marketing of natural gas.Chevron is an American multinationalenergycorporation. Headquartered inSan Ramon, California, and active in more than 180 countries.It is engaged in every aspect of theoil,gas, andgeothermalenergy industries, includingexplorationandproduction, refining, marketing and transport chemicals manufacturing and sales andpower generation.Chevron is one of the worlds six super major oil companies. For the past five years, Chevron has been continuously ranked as one of Americas 5 largest corporations byFortune 500.

Human resource management importance in organisations

gracious ersatz centering importance in schemes strategical HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTINTRODUCTION homophile imaginations oversight system is really important for every organisation to function smoothly. Faced with quick change organizations requirement to develop a much focused and consistent approach to managing spate. In just the same way a personal credit credit line exacts a marketing or information technology strategy it alike requires a gentleman resource or people strategy.strategic serviceman resource steering is a branch of gentlemans gentleman resource counseling. It is a fairly new field, which has emerged turn up of the p bent discipline of gay race resource anxiety. Much of the early or so c ei at that placed traditional HRM literature tough the notion of strategy superficially, rather as a purely useable matter, the results of which cascade down throughout the organisation. There was a kind of unsaid di fancy of territory between people- centred set of HR and harder business organization think ofs where corporate strategies really be enormoused. HR practiti mavinrs felt uncomfortable in the state of war cabinet like atmosphere where corporate strategies were formulated.strategic kind resource anxiety is crucial large as well as weakened-scale companies. In flyspeck companies this touch may be as simpleton as the manager or the owner himself taking cadence to notice employees, along with assisting, assessing and giving regular reviews. However larger companies volition require a whole department to be in charge of such(prenominal) activities for the development of employees. The quality of mental faculty members stern be improved by meting their take aways in such a way that it may eudaimonia the caller. Investing in employees and providing them with tools they need to thrive and prosper in the high society proves to be a peachy investment in the long ferment for the political party.So ahead in the literature review we will case in deep about the strategic humankind resource management and the company following SHRM in their daily habituate and how utile it is for racetrack their organisation effectively.http//ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Strategic-Human- choice-Management?id=549585http//www.accel-team.com/human_resources/hrm_08.htmlhttp//www.mba-tutorials.com/human-resource-management/487-shrm-strategic-human-resource-management.htmlLITERATURE REVIEWStrategic human resource management is a complex offset which is constantly evolving and being studied and discussed by academics and commentators. Its definition and relationships with other(a) aspects of business be after and strategy is not dogmatic and opinion varies between writers. So in that respect are legion(predicate) definations for strategic human resources management.A comprehensive Human pick Strategy plays a full of life subroutine in the achievement of an organisations overall strategic objectives a nd visibly illustrates that the human resources function fully netherstands and supports the delegacy in which the organisation is moving. A comprehensive HR Strategy will also support other specific strategic objectives undertaken by the marketing, financial, operational and technology departments.Strategic HRM cigarette be regarded as a universal approach to the strategic management of human resources in accordance with the intentions of the organisation on the prox direction it wants to take. It is concerned with longer-term people issues and macro-concerns about structure, quality, culture, time values, commitment and matching resources to future need. It has been outlined asAll those activities affecting the behaviour of individuals in their efforts to formulate and run through the strategic needs of business.2The pattern of planned human resource deployments and activities mean to enable the forms to achieve its goalsStrategic HRM is based on HRM principles incorporati ng the concept of strategy. So if HRM is a coherent approach to the management of people, strategic HRM promptly implies that that is make on a planned way that integrates organisational goals with policies and action sequences.A good business strategy, one which is likely to succeed, is informed by people factors. one and only(a) of the driving factors behind the evaluation and reporting of human capital info is the need for better information to feed into the business strategy aspect mould. In the absolute major(ip)ity of organisations people are now the biggest asset. The knowledge, skills and abilities accommodate to be deployed and used to the maximum effect if the organisation is to create value. The intangible value of an organisation which lies in the people it employs is gaining recognition by accountants and investors, and it is generally now accepted that this has implications for long term sustained achievement.http//www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/general/st rathrm.htmStrategic Human Resource Management by(Randall S. Schuler and Susan E. Jackson) gage discrepancy 2007 Blackwell publishing ltd.Defination of strategic human resource managementSHRMhas been defined as A distinctive approcah to vocation management which seeks to achieve competetive advantage through strategic deployment of highly act and capable bat haul utilise a work sop up using an array of cultural, structural and force play techniques. ( base,2001)pg4Strategic Human Resource Management theory and expend second edition by,( graeme salaman, john storey and jon bills berry)Sage publisherstrategic HR inc. HomeAccording to Wright McMahan, 1992, Strategic Human Resource Management refers to The pattern of planned human resource activities intend to enable an organization to achieve its goals.Strategic human resource management concentrates on human resouce plans that have long term goals. It has a pattern of differences with the conventional human resource manageme nt orders. It does not focus on matters related to intrinsic human resources. The principal objective of strategic human resource management is to enhance the efficiency of the employees through stressing on business hindrances that take place external to human resources.Objectives for Strategic Human Resource/ great deal Planning For the OrganizationThere are three goals for this swear outGoal 1Develop the Strategic Human Resource/People Plan/Document and yearly priorities.Goal 2Ensure thriving implementation and change.Goal 3Build and sustain high performance in people management over the long term.Principal Characteristics of Strategic Human Resource ManagementFollowing are the principal characteristics of strategic human resource management as per Gratton and TrussThere is whatever type of an express association between the human resource practices and policies and all the strategic goals of the company and the environment of the companyThere is few co-ordination outline associating individual HR interferences in hunting lodge to make them reciprocally corroborative.The majority of the responsibility for handling of human resources is delegated downwardshttp//finance.mapsof orbit.com/strategic-management/human-resource.htmlStrategic human resource management (SHRM) is the purposeful resolution of human resource administration and insurance policy issues so as to enhance a public agencys strong suit. It requires understanding how military unit functions interrelate in context, recognition of their importance, and commitment by personnel managers, employees, supervisors and policy-making leaders to work together for change (Klingner and Nalbandian, 1998, p. 386).An HR strategy will add value to the organisation if itArticulates more clearly more or less of the parking area themes which lie behind the achievement of other plans and strategies, which have not been fully determine before andIdentifies fundamental underlying issues which must be turn to by any organisation or business if its people are to be motivated, committed and operate effectively.The first of these areas will entail a careful consideration of existing or developing plans and strategies to identify and stray attention to common themes and implications, which have not been made explicit previously.The second area should be about identifying which of these plans and strategies are so fundamental that there must be clear plans to address them before the organisation set up achieve on any of its goals. These are likely to include workforce mean issuessuccession groomingworkforce skills plansemployment equity plans downcast economic empowerment initiativesmotivation and fair treatment issuespay levels intentional to recruit, retain and motivate peoplethe co-ordination of approaches to pay and tearing down across the organisation to create alignment and potential unequal pay claimsa grading and remuneration system which is seen as fair and giving prope r issue for contributions madewider employment issues which daze on staff recruitment, retention, motivation etceteraa consistent performance management mannequin which is programmeed to oppose the needs of all sectors of the organisation including its peoplecareer development frameworks which boldness at development within the organisation at equipping employees with employability so that they can cope with increasingly shop at changes in employer and employment patternspolicies and frameworks to chequer that people development issues are addressed systematically competence frameworks, self-managed education etc.In addition, the HR strategy can add value is by ensuring that, in all its other plans, the organisation takes account of and plans for changes in the wider environment, which are likely to have a major impact on the organisation, such aschanges in the overall employment market demographic or remuneration levelsCultural changes which will impact on future employm ent patternschanges in the employee relations climatechanges in the legal framework surrounding employmentHR and employment practice being highly- demonstrable in other organisations, such as new flexible work practices.The six broad interconnected components of this system consist of three readying steps and three exploit steps.The top three components represent the need for planning. Organizations must determine their strategic direction and the outcomes they seek. This is usually accomplished with some form of strategic planning. Classic strategic planning is a formal, top-down, staff-driven process. When through with(p) well, it is workable at a time when external change occurs at a more measured pace.However as the pace and magnitude of change increases, the approach to strategic planning changes substantiallyFirst, the planning process is more agile changes in plans are much more frequent and are often driven by events rather than made on a predetermined time schedule.Seco nd, the planning process is more proactive. winning organizations no longer simply respond to changes in their environment, they proactively shape their environment to maximize their own effectiveness.Third, the planning process is no longer only top-down input into the process comes from many different organisational levels and segments. This creates more employee ownership of the plan and capitalises on the fact that often the most semiprecious business intelligence can come from employees who are at the fundament of the organizational hierarchy.Lastly, the strategic planning process less reactive and more driven by line leadership.Once strategic planning is under way, a process must be undertaken by the organization to design and align its HRM policies and practices to provide for organizational success. The remaining step in planning is to determine the quality and quantity of human resources the organization needs for its come up force.The rest of the HR strategic system e xists for and is guided by these plans, policies, and practices. These execution components contain mechanisms that generate the correct skill sets, invest in staff development and performance, and productively employ them in the organisation. The last component provides a means to assess and sustain the competence and performance of the organization and the people in it with regard to outcomes that the organization seeks.http//gametlibrary.worldbank.org/FILES/844_HR%20planning%20principles.pdfIn company called HLB UK LTD the management system, human resource is given due importance while planning goals and long term strategies. The skills that are necessary to watch the organizational goals are developed in employees. This shew is considered during the planning phase and included in the policies devised for collision goals. Nowadays, the human resource department does much more than just recruiting employees for the company. development the human resource effectively in order t o give the company a competitive advantage and completing the set targets, are some of the priorities.The mission statements reflect the strategies, goals and the overall approach of companies. The values inherited and the policies devised by firms are based on the mission statements which are the driving force that motivate the employees to move ahead.Let us see at the Advantages of Strategic Human Resource Management in HLB UK LTDThere are many advantages and benefits that strategic human resource management offers.It helps analyze the opportunities and threats that are crucial, from the point of view of the company.It is possible to develop strategies and have a vision for the future.The need for competitive intelligence, which is of utmost importance in strategic planning, is fulfilled by means of implementing strategic human resource management.The attrition rate can be reduced, if strategic HRM is implemented properly. It also performs the important task of do employees. grow th and maintenance of competency among employees, is the most important benefit offered by strategic HRM.It helps determine the weaknesses and strengths of the company, thereby enabling the management to take book measures.It helps keep a check whether the expectations of employees are addressed properly.Business dissipation is achieved by making the employees competent enough to deliver the goods.Limitations of Strategic Human Resource ManagementBut at same time there are some limitations as well of SHRM which are faced by the company which are as followesResistance to change from the bottom line workers.Inability of the management in communicating the vision and mission of the company clearly to the employees.Interdepartmental conflict and lack of vision among the senior management in implementing the HR policies.The diversity of workforce that makes it difficult for the management to detention them correspondly.Conflict among the employees over the issue of authority and the related fear of victimization.The subway from institutions such as the labor unions.Changes that take place in the organizational structure.The changing market scenario which in turn creates pressure on the effective implementation of strategic HRM.But if implemented efficiently, strategic human resource management helps in improving the productivity of employees and utilizes their expertise in face-off the company goals.Organizations and companies succeed, or fail, based on the quality and effectiveness of their employees. Todays palmy firms recognize that to compete in global markets, they must have world class Human Resource managers who are active participants in strategic and operational decision. Whether they are reengineering the pay and benefits of the company or implementing Total feature Management (TQM) programs, Human Resources Managers play a central role. The goal of strategic management in an organization is to deploy and allocate resources in order to provide the management with a competitive advantage. It goesWithout saying that two out of three classes of resources (organizational and human)Correlated with the human resource functions. Towards maximum effect, the HRMfunctions must be integrally involved in the companys strategic management process.Strategic management processfirst analyzes a companys competitive situation,develops its strategic goals and mission, its external opportunities and threats, and itsinternal strength and weaknesses to generate alternatives. In his second phase, strategicmanagement process determines a plan of actions and deployment of resources toachieve the pre-specified goals. This kind of strategic approach should be emphasized inhuman resources management.Strategy formulation consists of five major componentsMission is a statement of the organizations reason for being, customers served and their needs, and the technology used. Also presents the companys vision and values.Goals are what the firm hopes to achi eve in the medium-to-long term future.External abstract examines the firms operating environment to identify the strategic opportunities and threats.Internal abridgment identifies the firms strengths and weaknesses,focuses on the quantity and quality of resources uncommitted.Strategic choice is done after the Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats (SWOT) epitome to define strategic alternatives, indeed the choice is made among these alternatives.http//www.prometa.com/1d3ef1e0.pngSTRATEGIC APPLICATIONS OF HR BUSINESS FUNCTIONSHuman resources functionsrefer to those tasks and duties performed in twoLarge and small organizations to provide for the coordinate human resources. TheSociety of Human Resources Management identified six main functions1- HR planning, recruitment, and selection2- HR development study3- Compensation and benefits4- Safety and health5- Employee and labor relations6- HR look forActivities of the HR planning, recruitment, and selection function arePerfo rming job abstract that is the process of find and reporting pertinentinformation relating to the nature of a specific job. This can be done using a motionStudy, a time study or a statistical sample to draw inference about the demands of TacticalApplicationsStrategicApplicationsOperationalApplications Planning, Recruitment and selection custody planning Labor force tracking Labor cost digest and budgeting Turnover analysis Recruiting Workforce planning/scheduling Training and Development Succession planning Performance appraisal planning Training effectiveness Career matching Skill Performanc evaluations Questionnaires, interviews and observation are tools to analysis jobs. This analysis produces job description and job specifications. The following step is theJob designthat is the process of structuring work and designating the specificWork activities of an individual or a conclave to achieve certain organizationalObjectivesHR planning that is the process of determining the human resource needs of anOrganization and ensuring that the organization has the right effect of qualifiedPeople in the right jobs at the right time. First of all be familiar With the business strategy, define the impact of this strategy over the specific units Of the organization. Define the skills needed and the additional human resources Required and develop action plans to meet the needs.Methods for forecasting and planning the HR needsJudgmental methods such as managerial estimates, and Delphi technique. Finally, Scenario analysis using work force environmental scanning data to develop alternative work force scenarios. Brainstorming between managers and HR managers to forecast the future, then the managers will go back to define changing points.Statistical and moulding techniques using historical data to predict the future. Time series analysis, personnel ratios, productivity ratios and regression analysisBenchmarking is to carefully examine internal practice and procedures and measure them against the ways other successful organizations operate. Forecast methods will be compared to other successful organizations.Determining the additional need using both skill inventory and management inventory to specify all available data about the current employees. Depending on a single method of forecasting is not always accurate in fact a mixture of different types of these methods may be very helpful according to the activity of the organization and type of data.Developing and implementing an action plan to meet the requirements.Recruiting the HR needed to fulfill the organizations goals.Selecting and hiring HR to specific jobs needed. The following general anatomy illustrates the whole processhttp//unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/ARADO/UNPAN006257.pdfThe areas of business planning, human resources planning, and strategic planning and performance measurement are outgrowths of the desire of managers, stakeholders and stockholders for direction an d accountability. These strategic planning sites bring excellent resources to the strategic planning effort.ConclusionOverall we have seen that the strategic human resource management plays very important role in every organisation which we have seen in case of HLB UK LTD as it increases effenciency of the organisation. A comprehensive Human Resource Strategy plays a vital role in the achievement of an organisations overall strategic objectives and visibly illustrates that the human resources function fully understands and supports the direction in which the organisation is moving. So it is very important for every company weather large or small to have the strategic human resource management as it is the one of the very important tool for business to run smoothly and flexibaly.Referenceshttp//ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Strategic-Human-Resource-Management?id=549585http//www.accel-team.com/human_resources/hrm_08.htmlhttp//www.mba-tutorials.com/human-resource-management/487-shrm-strat egic-human-resource-management.htmlhttp//www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/general/strathrm.htmStrategic Human Resource Management by (Randall S. Schuler and Susan E. Jackson) second edition 2007 Blackwell publishing ltd.Strategic Human Resource Management theory and practice second edition by,( graeme salaman, john storey and jon bills berry)Sage publisherhttp//www.strategichrinc.com/http//finance.mapsofworld.com/strategic-management/human-resource.htmlA Strategic Human Resource Management System for the 21st Century. Naval military unit Task Force, September 2000http//gametlibrary.worldbank.org/FILES/844_HR%20planning%20principles.pdfhttp//www.prometa.com/1d3ef1e0.pnghttp//unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/ARADO/UNPAN006257.pdf

Journalism In The Digital Era

news media In The Digital EraThe arrival of the World Wide sack in the empire of news media has led to un genuinety and confusion, unless several(prenominal) angiotensin converting enzyme is drop off whether this convince should be a source of hope or desp eontion. thither provems to be consensus only around a major(ip) contradiction that we zippy in the best of times for journalism and as well as the worst. in that location has neer been a better time to make written journalism, and on that point has neer been a worse to earn a living knocked out(p) of it. T present be to a greater extent than opportunities and market than ever before, further less income found on industry trends. The decline trend is experienced across major national report such as the Washington Post, publisher of the newspaper and new(a)sweek magazine, which reported back in two hundred9 a fourth- quarter profit brutal by 77 percent as advertising sales declined and a wrote down the value of some assets. The trend is higher in coupled States, where it is often where we see major trends to start happening before we see the electric shock in the remnant of the ball. The picture is non looking actually promising since the average number of newspapers sold has fallen from 62 billion to 49 million since the Internet launched back in 1990s and it started to pay off accessible to all. Many newspapers chip in been forced to stop printing on paper due to profit loss. In the alike(p) period, the number of readers of digital journalism at United States has promoted from zero to 75 million. In the opposite hand revenue generated from advertising, which is the primary revenue of journalism on paper, has reduce profits dramatically, which has resulted in large amounts of dismissals or, for those who have had more(prenominal)(prenominal) luck, of early retirement. An interest fact in this process is that in that location are actually numerous more readers, but a terri ble pres certainly on the specie and resources. For this reason the Post and The New York Times have lost specie since 2008 for the first base time in 50 years and based on industry forecasters with a pessimist outlook, predict that many more problems are to come. And although the afore utter(prenominal) is true on almost all sectors of the economy, the difference lies in that the patronage of journalism has received a double shock since it is also universe impacted by the revolution of the Internet. The technology advancements and innovations have been some of the drivers of what we called as globalization which is helping in many aspects of our society but at the same time has created a global crisis which is accelerating the inevitable impact of the digital revolution. there are many industry experts who agree that there is no force capable of preventing the extinction of the journalism, non only on paper, but as a concept, but in the other hand there are also many who b elieve that it give effective meld in the way that we know it to become purely local journalism kind of Facebook or even just now become newspapers of a great global reach. But the big questions that nobody seems to be able to serve how can we hap making profit with journalism? Or would it just disappear? It is substantial to look at the big picture since this is something more than just the survival of a sector from our economy. Newspapers have played a central role in society over the past 200 years. They affect by influencing in the power of governments, the m iy from the companies and the entertainment of our society. For that same reason many of those same multitudes have also regardd what will the prospective be like? In general there are three main groups coming up with their checking of what the future holds for journalism mavin that understands the way we know newspaper during the last 200 years will totally disappear, the other one is the one that believes it will re-invent and make important changes and adjust, adapt and embrace new trends, and the other one which is non surface what really the future will hold. Clay Shirky, who is an American writer, consultant and instructor on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies, is real sure that there is really not much that can be done. He claims There is no good ideal to replace what Internet has just destroyed. It is truly clear that media communication has been at the heart of the revolution, and the challenges generated by the introduction of the Internet, and although it was clear during the last two decades that they had to adapt and change, they have not been cleared on what the future business model of journalism in the digital era should look like. The only thing which is clear is that the current business model of journalism cannot be preserved.In the other group we have mass like Bill Keller, director of The New York Times, who urges to review all the optio ns, and stupefy everything to the test. Based on experts forecasts, the future newspaper will become a mixture of printed and online, where content growth online compensate the decline of print media. other industry expert is Earl J. Wilkinson, executive director of the International Newsmedia Marketing Association. Wilkinson is more conservative and has come up to the conclusion that the death of the newspaper is one of the great exaggerations stemming from the economic collapse of right away. Another industry expert is Philip Bennett, who has conducted seek for The Washington Post to investigate digital formulas to prevent the disappearance of the journalism business, and he is not in agreement that nothing, nothing works. He said I believe that the era of the newspaper is finished, that the debate should focus not on the survival of the newspaper, but in the survival of journalism as we have understood.The United States discussion on the future of journalism is more negative, but it is important to reenforcement in mind that it is also here in US where more people have access to the internet. A similar phenomenon is observed in the United Kingdom. To go to the other extreme, in China, India and Africa, where access to the network is tranquillise reserved for a privileged minority, the debate isnt so alarming, and the role of journalism the way we have always knew it, is still very viable. What is happening in United States should serve as a warning about what will happen in Europe and the rest of the world. There is no reason to suppose that if large American newspapers for to the highest degree 200 years closed and are now transitioning to online media, that this wont be a trend that we could see across other countries. There have been other industry experts who believe in the importance to track and understand public reading patterns. They believe that in order to become more effective in the industry and start capturing revenue, it will be vital to print more systematic, and with more content flexibility. They add that on certain days the newspaper may concentrate on certain issues for example Mondays can be dedicated to have more space outset with the first page, to sports. Newspapers will be leaving behind its practice of losing bullion in the lazy days and concentrate its resources on the strong days. There is also a strong argument which is important to be con alignred in the debate, and it is the point around the individual newspaper and intimate connection with the reader. This is something that the current technology is not able to establish, even with kindle, and the new tools to read books. In some very interesting ways, reading media is associated and becomes part of persons identity. It is an individual kind with an object which in turn becomes social. Can this type of relationship be created outside of the printing paper with an object? We have seen similar relationships with phone mobiles which are also obj ects. The threat to newspapers will be once a similar relationship is established with an object which people feel is a good substitute to the newspaper. One additional challenge we need to look for is the dynamics that we are seeing in media which people like Robert Thomson (director of The mole Street Journal) call Web sites parasites. For example, major newspapers make huge investment funds to come up with a closing product which is a taradiddle written by a correspondent in the other side of the world just to see it appears instantly and for free in one of the incalculable Internet portals. Another challenge for journalistic content on the Internet is telephone companies that sell access to the network. Meanwhile, those who have invested money into the final product end up losing it or in other dustup not maximizing their investment.All these trends have had a catastrophic impact to many major newspapers. The Seattle Post Intelligencer, with 146 years of life, turned off t heir lately printing machines, reducing its drafting of 167 just to 20 editors limiting just to generate, a digital newspaper. The Christian Science Monitor, San Francisco Chronicle, due to decline in subscribers, is another example of major newspapers which had to close business or change to a digital format. The problem, and what brings us back to the big question of how to moderate making profit with journalism, is that so far it has shown that digital advertising is not approaching nearly to the profitability of advertising in paper. According to a study by the Pew Research Center, to transition from newspapers print format to just an online business model message to lose 90% of income. The major issue is to define and establish a business model since there is really none. The challenge is to change the production model of the newspaper, making it to go on to defend the high margins of profitability achieved since its creation. How we can keep making money? How to keep jour nalism alive? This is a global revolution that we are living, and perhaps answers to these questions could be found in the so-called countries in development, where the absence seizure of old structures are forced to start from scratch, to create new companies commensurate to todays technological reality, not the ones of the industrial revolution. An option that has been proposed with enthusiasm in the pages of The New York Times and Time magazine is based on the idea of manner of speaking journalism in the same way that has saved to a certain extent, to the unison industry using a rule similar to micropayments of I-tunes, music purchased on the Internet, to the purchase of items. There are groups who see this very dispute and not to equal comparison because in reality a downloaded vocal music is forever, while a news expires on a day. Anyway, it is certain that the method of the micropayment would a good option to test. The key would be to discover, come up with a flexible pr ocedure which would be paid, for example, three cents to read a particular article, and perhaps 50 to have unrestricted access to the mesh page of a newspaper for 24 hours. Another idea to keep afloat the newspapers on-line, is the payment for subscription on the web. The Wall Street Journal has done, with some success. However, it is important to make the observation that it is an exceptional case because it offers a very specialized financial service and more than half of the payments are do by companies and not regular readers. General news of interest to readers not business sports results, air accidents, declarations of politicians can be obtained free through countless sources, far beyond the traditional newspapers. In addition we need to keep in mind that even if there could be a group of people willing to pay to read exclusive news, the reality is that the income generated does not compensate for the inevitable losses of advertising. If journalism is in crisis today, as it is the world economy, it is largely by the tendency of people to believe that the circumstances of today are going to always play. What would happen if a new founding comes up that improves Internet? Or, although Internet remains as a means of communication, what happens if people change their habits? Everyone seems to assume that, given that 20 year-olds do not read on paper, have chosen a digital scupper as their preferred method of communicating with people and find out whats happening in the world. But, what happens if children today decide to change the current digital trend and start looking for a visual and tactile tie-in with not virtual people, but physical option. The great comfort of the journalist, or which aspires to be, is that what he does not become an old fashion. It has existed and has been in continuous film long before the emergence of the Internet long before the first printing press even before, even though the invention of the wheel.I really believe the re will always be a market for those who have something to tell or inform. People will continue with a need to tell and hear stories, and while this is so, the newspapers have a hope. If a viable business model for journalism is not delimit it is possible that the number of newspapers keeps trimming and that fewer people earn earnings doing journalism. But, in the worst case, the good guys survive. Newspapers, in the format that is, responding more in effect to educate and amuse will also prevail. The New York Times is a good example on how to leverage the benefits from the digital era, based on its popularity not only in traditional format but also online. And thats because it has in its ranks to large counters of stories, journalists who are effective in their work. In the end, what lasts, as the great novels, is the quality.Internet blog siteNewspapers and Thinking the Unthinkablehttp//www.observer.com/2010/media/live-blog-bill-keller-discusses-future-newshttp//forum4editors.co m/2009/10/earl-j-wilkinson-on-whats-ahead-for-newspapers/http//pewresearch.org/pubs/1133/decline-print-newspapers-increased-online-news

The Development Of Modern Social Thought

The Development Of Modern Social ThoughtKarl Marx and grievous bodily harm weber are devil of the most influential thinkers in terms of new-fashioned kindly thought that at that place are. Both Marxs and webers role to the development of social thought is in my opinion second to none. Marx and weber wrote about red-brickness before it was in full swing, yet there deforms including much(prenominal)(prenominal) split upics much(prenominal) as Marxs Communist pronunciamento which is a familiar rear to most, non only attempted to excuse almostthing near impossible to explain in such(prenominal) a representation that most new thinkers composition their works on a criticism or celebration of their work. These cardinal writers are of particular interest to because of how prolific they are and because they see both written so much on the subject, some of which is comparable and some of which is contrastable. Both Marx and weber looked at similar themes including the rea sons for redbrickity occurring, though their conclusions differ. Karl Marx leans towards the stinting side of new-fashionedity whereas Max Weber, who writes after Marx with his findings to improve on, believes that the impact of science, arts, and religious belief is a better explanation of modernism.Firstly, I pull up stakes be looking for at Karl Marxs division to modern social thought through his loudness The Communist Manifesto in which he looks at straighten out struggle. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx explains how the friction between classes has always existed, as he remarks In ancient Rome we deplete patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations2. Marx goes on to put forward the motif that the bourgeoisie lead always existed and do indeed exist instantly. He puts class struggle down to family itself which through its nature pull up stakes afford classes, an order. Marx explains at onces class struggle as Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two capital hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each early(a) Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.3Marxs understanding of class divide in the Communist Manifesto is clearly sure and therefore key in understanding lodge today. Marxs take on class divide can be summarised as being that class divide has always existed and lead exist today, as he predicted, or else than the classes changing, he believes that characteristics of the classes assortment. Where as in history, the bourgeoisie would hurt owned farm, they will own businesses today and whereas the proletariats would have worked in farms, today they work for businesses owned by the bourgeoisie. Marxs understanding of there being two main classes, those in power and those in not, is important in modern social thought as all Marxists will use it to advocate that there i s a lack of equality and too large a divide between the two classes. Marx does not distinguish between exclusive situations, rather is a big supporter of the belief that there is no real equality for the proletariat and his vowelise is therefore used today by anyone voicing such an opinion.It can be argued that Marxs prediction of an originate by the running(a)(a) class has come true in modern times. The working class has never had as many rights as it does today, with measures such as minimum pay and benefits ensuring that an unreasonable amount of power is not held by the thought class, and that the working class have enough rights and voice to be go overd a decent standard of life. There were plenty of revolutions between the 18thC and 19thC, which are evidence of Marxs prediction of an uprising against the ruling class. Marx believes that the proletariat all is a really revolutionary class4. This can be seen as a contribution to the understanding of modern society as it is true today, no other classes are seen to be revolting nearly as much as the working class who have been working on their rights for the last few centuries. As Marx also states, the ruling class have all the power and it is in their nature to ensure power is kept for afterlife generations. Marx says that the working class only achieve things such as a minimum wage law because the ruling class give up them to do so, in order to keep them happy and therefore admonish them from revolting more.A significant manner in which Marx contributed to the understanding of modern society is through his explanation of foodstuff expansion. Marxs argument was that for the bourgouise to remain in power, they must regularly work at creating links between themselves to ensure a global rule5. Marx argued in the Communist Manifesto that the future would see a capitalist market grow to operate on a global scale through the increase of technology and communication. This mood has perhaps been the most significant contribution to understanding modern society by Marx. It is clear that what Marx predicted has become reality, with a global thrift that we have today, with transnational cooperation operating worldwide. The behaviour of the ruling class in modern society reflects Marxs theory on keeping wealth within the nonage of the population. Businesses still work in a hierarchical structure whereby a few at the top benefit from many at the perforate of the hierarchy who do not benefit from increase in profit, rather receive a fixed low wage.Finally, i have elect Marxs contribution to the understanding of modern society through his literature on technology. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx looks at the personal effects of an introduction of technology and how it effects the moil market. The introduction of technology such as machinery ultimately room that a humans job is done by a machine. Robert J.Antonio describes machines as something that ultimately does jobs that were formerly done by the workman with similar tools6. This will decrease the need for human labour, which will ultimately mean there are more people for fewer jobs. An increase in accessibility of market labour and a decrease in need for market labour leads in the ruling class being at self-sufficiency to alter the wages of the work pound. This sees as the workforce become a good7. Linked with a need for fewer labourers, the type of work changed to little laborious, jobs were suddenly possible to carry out through the pushing of a button. This meant that a new work force was available for the ruling class to be exploited, women and children. This availability of a new workforce meant that the ruling class were more powerful than ever, as the family of a working man had at one time become the work force of the ruling. An introduction of a new labour force means that the ruling class suddenly controlled everything that matters to a working man, i.e. increasing the divide but more im portantly cementing the existing control. The lessening in labour intensity of jobs due to technological and mechanical improvements meant that working hours could be increased. This brought with it an increase in productivity and if anything a reduced cost.Max Weber was similar to Karl Marx in that he too looked at ancient Rome and the structure of the ancient economy which he, like Marx found to have certain similarities with the structure of modern capitalism. Marx believed that modern society was more of a result of the economic changes that were seen in the 18thC and 19thC due to technological improvements. However, Weber believed that the change seen after medieval times i.e. modernity, were more so a result in a change of attitude of the worlds population. Weber noticed that if we lived in a capitalist economy before and ended up in medieval times, a change in society could not simply be due to economic change. Thus Weber looked at easterly German agriculture in 1892. Webe rs finding in this research support his belief that it was through the genuine will power of the proletariat that a change resulted. The findings of this research can be summarised as the work force having a true desire to work for them in order to entertain more of the profit created by their work. Webers believe that the working class chose to lack to do better is a key feature of modern society, the constant struggle for workers to better their situation.Webers understanding of capitalism, a key foundation of modernity is drastically different to that of Marx. Marx saw capitalism as a materialist economy based upon the will to acquire economic wealth. In contrast, Weber argues that the will to further ones economic standing is based on religious beliefs such as the Protestant and in particular Calvinist teachings8. The Protestant teachings are that everything that one does must be done in honour of God. Weber argues that it is this belief that is the cause people striving to do their best, be as productive as possible and generate as much wealth as possible. This dedication to giving everything cannot, according to Weber be explained by ownership relations, technology and advances in learning alone9. This attitude which Weber believes is a part cause for modernity itself is essential to the further human beings of capitalism. In order for capitalism to survive, the working class must sojourn to have reason to work hard and be productive, or the ruling class would not be able to live of them. This need for the work force to try their hardest true today and therefore another way in which Weber has contributed to the understanding of modern society. Weber goes on to provoke that the view point of Marx whereby capitalism is a result of solely economic change is Naive10and should be abandoned once and for all11this contribution to modern social thought is of interest because it offers an explanation as to wherefore people work hard and how capitalism works i.e. capitalism depends and runs on the quality of input of the labour force.Max Weber believed that the increase in scientific knowledge was a key factor in creating modernity and modern social thought. Weber described the level of science that we have reached as valid12but noted that it only existed in the horse opera world13. This idea was based upon Webers belief that such a structure godliness was only present in Christianity, though he treasure that most fundamental knowledge did come from eastern faiths. This structured theology could be argued to have been left integrated in the religion from roman type times when a form of capitalism coincided with Christianity. This structured way of idea brought with it rationality which was in turn branded upon the foundations of western life. It is this rationalism that Weber offers as an alternative cause for modern social thought rather than Marxs suggestion of economics.To conclude, both Karl Marx and Max Weber have made commo dious contribution to modern social thought. Their works have been agreed and disagreed with since their creation, fitted and used to both prove and disprove arguments and theories. Their work is still applicable today as their contribution to understanding modern society such as key issues including class and employment have changed the course of history. Their contribution to modern social thought will continue to influence thinkers on modern social thought for centuries to come.