Leading causes of morbidity and mortality

Leading causes of unwholesomeness and death governAbs parcelBackground Communicable distempers can be the star(p) causes of unwholesomeness and fatality graze among macrocosm touch by major(ip) disasters or semi universe tumesceness emergencies. Cycl unity Nargis which was the worst natural disaster in Myanmar burgeon forth the delta ara during may 2008. The objective of this field of operation is aimed to assess the situation of contagious diseases on a minorer floor topic vigilance in the domains one course of instruction onward and afterward the Cyclone Nargis incident.Methods Monthly info during 2007 and 2009 from r let tabuine reporting ashes for disease surveillance of the Myanmar Ministry of wellness (MMOH) were reviewed. Weekly reporting from Early Warning and speedy Response (EWAR) were likewise used to compare with the routine reporting data of MMOH and the data from some UN agencies, non-governmental makeups (INGOs/NGOs) and Tri-Partite C ore Group (TCG) periodic reviews were also extracted for comparisons with orbital cavity and Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) for global wellness cluster inherited diseases say-so indicators. In addition, snap groups regarding community perception on wellness sphere of influence responses to Cyclone Nargis and hospital surveys on domain wellness emergencies preparedness including surveillance readiness were conducted.Results Among the inherited diseases, sagacious respiratory transmittal (ARI), profligacy, dy displaceery and malaria were the most disease lading of the community in terms of both morbidity and morality. During the teach period, mortality rate for diarrhea and malaria were diminish term the mortality rate for ARI appeared to be similar before and after the Nargis incident. Community members also describe that diarrhea diseases, ARI and pneumonia were parking area wellness problems immediately after Cyclone Nargis provided later declined. o ther(a)(a) diseases on a refuse floor subject area surveillance were also changed. Tuberculosis control chopine stretchinged the targets of 70% upshot detection and 85% handling success rate in 2007 and 2008. Even though the morbidity for STDs such as venereal ulcer rate and male urethral pink slip place were not change over time precisely the insurance insurance coverage of prevention of drive to child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (PMTCT) function was expanded in the division after Nargis. For the expanded curriculum on immunization (EPI), the coverage of DPT tertiary dose reached the target of well-nigh 90%, which was the in high spiritsest, after Cyclone Nargis barely the morbilli coverage quieten did not reach the Sphere target. The hygienical latrine coverage in the Nargis change area was 72% in 2009 as compared to the case sanitary latrine coverage of around 80%.Conclusion In widely distributed, wellness serve as well as prevention and control measures provided to the Nargis affect population had reduced the trim morbidity and mortality of the contagious diseases recommended by Sphere. However, the dissemination of such wellness go varied among townships inwardly the abnormal areas. in that respect is fluid considerable need for equity in distribution of wellness serve for the humankind health emergency focal pointsing.Background in that location are slightly 450 to 800 major emergencies, disasters and crises per yr and these has been shown as increasing trends payable to global warming, increase population movement, environmental damage, poverty and inadequate or underfunded public health carcass 1. The general effects of disasters or emergencies complicate injury, death, infectious diseases volcanic eruption, displacing a large number of mass, disruption of essential services, dying of property and infrastructure, economic loss and psychological effect 2, 3. The magnitude and causes of superfluity morbidity and mortality caused by emergencies and disasters may vary according to the implicit in(p) demographic and epidemiologic profile of the population 4. During emergency and disaster situation, catching diseases can cause high mortality and morbidity because of disruption of health services, poor access to health care, malnutrition and inadequate logistic put up 5, 6. Disaster-affected people are oddly vulnerable to communicable diseases due to malnutrition, stress, fatigue and unhealthful living conditions 6.Cyclone Nargis struck the coast of Myanmar on 2 and 3 may, 2008 and ca victimisation many deaths, destroying infrastructure, affecting on economic and social activities. It was the most ruin natural disaster in history of Myanmar and the most deadly cyclone in Asia since 1991 with 2.4 million people were severely affected by Nargis 7. The green water governing body and food borne diseases in the affected area before Cyclone Nargis were diarrhea dise ases including cholera, typhoid, shigellosis, hepatitis A and E and acute watery diarrhea. Dengue and malaria has been the major vector borne diseases endemic in the affected area. Measles, acute respiratory infection (ARI), diphtheria, pertusis and meningococcal diseases were describe as associated with the overcrowding in the area. Others diseases endemic in the region were tuberculosis, snake bites and sexually transmittable infection (STIs) 8.Early Warning and Rapid Response (EWAR) was set up after Cyclone Nargis with involvement of other topic and international agencies operative in Nargis affected area 9. EWAR covers 16 common diseases and conditions in the affected area. This vignette was carried out to examine communicable disease burden and the changes in morbidity and mortality of the diseases under national surveillance in Cyclone Nargis affected area. The rent also attempted to assess the effectiveness of control measures of these diseases employing health commiss ion information placement indicators of the Sphere and Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) for global health cluster communicable diseases indicators 10, 11.Materials and MethodsStudy sitesThe focus of data collection in this make included 10 townships in Ayeyarwady and Yangon divisions which were severely affected by Cyclone Nargis. These townships in Ayeyarwady division included Ngapudaw, Labutta, Bogale, Pyapon, Dedaye, Kyaiklat and Mawlamyinegyun townships while those in Yangon division Twantay, Kawnmu and Kungyangon townships. There were close 2.8 million people living at these townships in 2007 12. substitute data sourcesIn examining communicable diseases burden and changes in mortality and morbidity of diseases under national surveillance, system data were extracted from the Health Management breeding System (HMIS) of the Myanmar Ministry of Health (MMOH). The HMIS is the routine reporting system for 17 diseases under national system in Myanmar, with monthly reporting from township to rally level 12. The official secondary data during 2007-2009 from the division of Health, and Department of Health Planning regarding communicable diseases prevention and control political curriculums such as immunization and water-sanitation program were also extracted for assessing the situations of such communicable diseases at the township level. In addition, other related data such as distribution of quietus items from EWAR, Myanmar Red Cross Society and Myanmar offices (WHO, UNICEF, Save the Children, Merlin and MSF (Holland)) were also put across for exploring the strength and weakness in the communicable diseases focusing. more(prenominal)over, data from the periodic reviews released by Tri-partite Core Group (TCG) are also used for supplementation of population data 13.Primary data SourcesThe think employed both decimal and qualitative data collection method. The questionnaire regarding public health emergencies preparedness, particularly on dise ase surveillance capacity, was developed and sent to hospitals under Department of Health. The questionnaires were sent to 65 hospitals (25% of the get a enormous 252 hospitals in coastal Myanmar which includes all 5 states/divisions (i.e., Yangon, Ayeyarwaddy, Mon, Tanintharyi and Rakhine). The questionnaires were responded by hospital directors from those hospitals by means of self administered method. Focus group intervention was used to find out the community perception on health sector response to Cyclone Nargis. The imparts of 6 focus groups backchat were carried out in 3 villages among the selected townships in the affected areas. Only issues related to communicable diseases were presented in this paper. The detailed analyses of hospital preparedness and community perceptions were reported elsewhere.Ethical good willThis study received ethical approvals from Myanmar Ministry of Health and Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University.Results indisposition surveillance in study areasFor disease surveillance, MMOH sets up the coordinating health sectors for disease surveillance, outbreak detection and response. The diseases surveillance data were submitted form local anesthetic level up to national health information management system (HMIS). After Cyclone Nargis, the MMOH also set up EWAR with rumor verification of the system for disease monitoring and management, particularly for wee warning and rapid responses. It was accepted by the MMOH that in that respect are still challenges regarding timeliness of notification and bring to pass data reporting in both HMIS and EWAR. As shown in plug-in 1, among the 40 out of 65 hospitals that responded the survey, it was prepare that about 90% of the hospitals invite surveillance system for 17 diseases under national surveillance 14. more than than 60% of the response hospitals have syndromic surveillance system but further 27.5% have microbiological surveillance system, with especially low fort une in firsthand referral hospitals with less(prenominal) than 10%. inaugurate disconcert 1 here-diarrhoea DysenteryAmong the communicable diseases reported in the HMIS, acute respiratory infection, diarrhoea, dysentery and malaria are the highest diseases burden for the communities within the Nargis affected areas. Morbidity of acute diarrhea in 2007 was 571.40 per 100,000 someone year and change magnitude up to 755.80 in 2008 due to Cyclone Nargis while remained and was roughly higher(prenominal) than baseline in 2007 as 610.56 in 2009. From the EWAR Weekly Report, diarrhea cases after Nargis incident represented 6.30% of tot up consultation (4341 cases) in June 2008 (week 23-26) and reduced to 2.04% (3931 cases) in July 2008 (week 27-31). The number of cases was stable to less than 2.00% of total consultation during August to declination 2008 (926 cases to 1601 cases). In contrast to normal monthly report of severely acute watery diarrhea (suspected cholera) of less than 5 cases, the suspected cholera was reported the highest during June 2008 (21 cases) and serge again a year after Nargis in March 2009 (15 cases). The participants from focus group discussion also revealed that diarrhea diseases, ARI, influenza and pneumonia are preponderance immediately after Cyclone Nargis. One participant mentioned thatVillagers suffered mostly diarrhea and common c aging. Pneumonia was common especially among children. Dengue and malaria were not common among villagers. (35 years grey woman)Despite such increasing disease incidences, mortality rates for diarrhea were step-down during study period, from 0.68 per 100,000 person year in 2007 to 0.40 and 0.28 in 2008 and 2009 respectively. This determination was also corresponding to the high percentage of intervention with ORT among diarrhea children (95%) in the health facilities and decreasing in severe vaporisation among diarrhea children (2.31% in 2007 to Besides diarrhea diseases, dysentery was also one of the leading causes of morbidity among study population about 350.90 per 100,000 person year was reported in 2007 and more or less change magnitude to 475.40 and 374.39 during 2008 and 2009 respectively. However, mortality and case exigency rate for dysentery was instead low with nearly 0% during study period.Acute respiratory tract infection (ARI)ARI has been reported as the major cause of morbidity and mortality among communicable diseases at study townships. Morbidity of ARI in 2007 was 4041.91 per 100,000 person year among under 5 children, highly increased to 599,621 in 2008 due to Cyclone Nargis, and 4661.59 in 2009 which was slightly higher than that of at baseline 2007. For morbidity rate among under 5 years old children, as reported by EWAR showed that there were 7.93% of total consultation (5452 cases) after Nargis in June 2008 (week 23-26), and it dropped to around 5.00% of total consultation (8842 cases and 5131 cases) in July and August 2008 respectively., and su bsequently back to normal stable level at less than 3.00% during October (3615 cases) to December 2008 (1991 cases). Interestingly, mortality rate for ARI was lower in Nargis year that is 4.86, 3.14, and 4.11 per 100,000 person year in 2007, 2008 and 2009 respectively. On the other hand, case fatality rate for ARI has been improving from 0.12% in 2007 to 0.09% in 2009.Malaria and dandy feverVector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever cases were decreasing significantly in 2009, compared to 2007 and 2008. Malaria morbidity was more 324.44 and 352.51 per 100,000 person year in 2007 and 2008, and then dropped to 227.18 in 2009. Similarly, percent of malaria inpatient among general clinic attention has been decreasing during study period, 3.17% in 2007 to 1.63% in 2009. In contrast, the mortality percentage among malaria inpatient was increasing, 1.16% in 2007 to 3.31% in 2009. It was shown, however, that malaria morbidity and mortality varied among different townships. Fr om the EWAR report, malaria confirmed cases represented about 0.25% of total consultation (465 cases) in July 2008, then dropped to 0.10% of total consultation (77 to 237 cases) during August to December 2008.Dengue haemorrhagic fever cases are 35.65, 15.76 and 12.40 per 100,000 person year respectively. Confirmed dengue hemorrhagic fever cases were also surge after Nargis during July 2008 which was 273 cases or 0.14% to total consultations. unremarkably during other period the numbers of cases ranged from 1 to 95, making the rate of approximately less than 0.10% of total consultation. Mortality rate and case fatality rate for dengue hemorrhagic fever were decreasing trend during study period.Tuberculosis, HIV, and other diseasesHMIS data also shows that morbidity and mortality rates for tuberculosis had been decreasing in the study area during the study period (67.11, 57.12, and 47.54 per 100,000 person year in 2007 to 2009). Morbidity for sexually transmitted infection (STIs) su ch as genital ulcer rate (2 per 100,000 person year) and male urethral discharge rates (1 per 100,000 person year) had not changed over time and thus it could be assumed that these diseases burden for STIs were the same before and after the Cyclone Nargis. According to EWAR, STIs effected less than 0.5% of total consultations during June 2008 to may 2009.Interestingly, as part of the surveillance, mortality rates for snake bite had not changed ofttimes during 2007 to 2009 but case fatality rates for snake bite and meningitis were quite high in the study area. It was also found that vaccine preventable diseases such as diphtheria, pertusis, neonatal tetanus and rubeola were not the major causes of morbidity and mortality among the under 5 children during study period. Morbidity for viral hepatitis and typhoid constituted Insert Figure 1 here-Insert Table 2 here-Health services utilizationBased on the data in HMIS, the general clinic attendance was 15.13, 23.18 and 21.33% in 2007, 2008 and 2009 respectively this reveals that general clinic attendance had been increasing significantly since 2008 compared to 2007. However, percentage of average visit per patient attending clinic and referral hospitals did not change untold during 2007 to 2009. The data from EWAR which includes statistics from international NGOs indicated that there was a total of 754,852 consultations in 15 townships at Nargis affected area one year after Nargis incident, from June 2008 to May 2009. It was also estimated that the total consultation per person was about 0.3, and there was a total consultation of more than 300,000 to mobile clinics sent by MMOH. As shown in Figure 2, monthly general clinic attendance did increase during May 2008 to July 2008 which was 3 months after Cyclone Nargis, and subsequently attendance slowly decrease mother from August 2008. During 2009, monthly attendance appears to be stable with not much variation in months.In assessing accessibility to health facil ities, it was found that there was not significantly change during 2008 to 2010 for the presence of health personnel at health facilities at most of the time. In contrast, drugs availability at health facilities for most of the time has been dramatically increased from 76% to 92%. On the other hand, average number of clinic visit by household stage count has decreased from 1.9 in July 2009 to 0.5 in 2010 this falls short when comparison to the international standard target of 2.0-4.0 (as set by Sphere).Insert Table 3 here-Insert Figure 2 here-Prevention and control measuresDuring May 2008 to April 2009, there were a total of 50,000 pamphlets, 2,945 posters, 12,000 booklets about diarrhea diseases and childhood infections distributed to the Nargis affected areas by National Health Programs and other organizations. Interestingly, most of the participants in focus group discussion pointed that they were not interested in health education and went to health education solely for receiv ing relieve items.Health education was abandoned on dengue, malaria, diarrhea diseases, and other communicable diseases. Most of the villagers did not go because they were busy with activities such as building shelter. (57 years old farmer)It is found that rapid diagnostic test and artemesinin combination therapy (ACT) were available in about 70% of rural and sub rural health centers. The national health programs and other organizations distributed a total of 191,718 ACT strip and 282, 532 insecticide long lasting nets (ILLN) during May 2008 to April 2009. Availability of information education and communication (IECs) materials for dengue in health centers was high, with more than two-third of the health center have IECs materials for dengue. On the other hands, IECs material for malaria was present in about 50% of health centers. The vector-borne diseases control program distributed 37,000 pamphlets on vector-borne diseases during May 2008 to April 2009. Particularly in a malaria high endemic area, Ngapudaw, the training program for malaria case management was carried out for 80 hospital staffs. Insecticide residual spray had also been carried out in high endemic area with population coverage of 40,122. locoweed larviciding activities were carried out with population coverage of 347,231 in study area for dengue control. It was found that distribution of malaria drug was well covered as one health personnel mentioned that During Cyclone Nargis, a lot of malaria drugs supply was given to my health center but malaria is not prevalence in my area. I was horrified of malaria drugs to be expired.Tuberculosis control program reached the targets of 70% case detection and 85% discussion success rate before Nargis incident since 2007. However, the case detection in the Nargis affected area of 70% was slightly lower than the national average of 77%. It was found that the case detection was quite different among townships, in some townships is lower than 50%. During May 2008 to April 2009, the national health program distributed 2000 pamphlets, 1000 posters and 8800 booklets on education for tuberculosis to the study area.Coverage of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services increased from 2 townships in 2007 to 7 townships in 2009. Performance of PMTCT services such as percentage of treatment taken by HIV (+) pregnant mother (61% in 2007 to 80% in 2009) and percentage of rude(a) born HIV (+) have been improved overtime (14% in 2007 to In terms of expanded program immunization (EPI) coverage, it was found that the coverage reached highest in 2008 after Cyclone Nargis the DPT 3rd dose reached the target of around 90%. However, rubeola coverage was lower, around 84% during the study period. The EPI IECs materials were presented in around two-third of health facilities in the survey done by UNICEF during December 2008 14. One health personnel also confirmed in focus group discussion that immunization services were succes sful after Cyclone Nargis.The sanitary latrine coverage was increased after Cyclone Nargis in 2009 compared to 2007 both in urban and rural area. The sanitary latrine coverage for population was 72.36 in 2009. However, the sanitary latrine coverage on 2009 was still low in certain rural area, i.e., in Ngapudaw, Labutta and Bogale townships. During May 2008 to April 2009, the total of 316,891 pamphlets and 200,415 posters were distributed to disaster affected area by several organizations. The TCG survey reported that the population receiving improved drinking water has been increasing from 66% in December 2008 to 72% in July 2010, but there was approximately 43% for improved sanitation facilities which was contradict with MMOH surveillance data of 70%. The national health Programs also rehabilitated 4235 ponds, 1028 wells in study area. A total of 236 ponds, 760 shallow wells and over 200 deep tubes well were also constructed in study areas. Participants from focus groups discussion mentioned that sanitary latrine constructions by villagers were associated with the supply of both latrine pan and construction cost. Latrine pans were distributed. However, I could not construct latrine because I had no money. (25 years old man) and In our village, most of the villagers were constructed sanitary latrine because the organization () provided not only gave latrine pans but also provided the construction cost. (18 years old student)Insert Table 3 here-Insert Figure 3 here- tidingsMMOH had established HMIS for routine reporting disease surveillance system and the system has been fully functioning in almost all levels of hospitals. However, the hospitals especially in the secondary referral level should consider strengthen the microbiological surveillance because of weakness in laboratory capacity at such hospitals. Microbiological surveillance is important for early detection of public health emergencies especially communicable diseases outbreak. Currently, the there a re only about 20-30% of hospitals that have microbiological surveillance system, compared to 64.5% of hospitals in China in preparation for public health emergencies 18.World Health Organization recommended that major diseases/syndromes that should be included in emergency surveillance are crashing(a) diarrhea, acute watery diarrhea and suspected cholera, acute respiratory tract infection (ARI), measles, meningitis, HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and neonatal tetanus 6. shot up of EWAR with participation of national and international organizations working in public health emergency response is best practice for public health emergency management and should be maintained in future public health emergency management. It was found in this study that surveillance system is also compatible with the diseases impact in the affected area but there are rooms to improvement for areas such as record and calculation of actual proportion such as timeliness for survei llance and sensitivity for outbreak detection 12. However, it is also recommended the necessity of setting up the database for logistic and drugs supply for health sector with involvement of other organizations working in public health emergencies 17.The national surveillance data coincided with the EWAR reports suggested that morbidity of communicable diseases highly increased for about 3 months after Cyclone Nargis. Diarrhea diseases, ARI and malaria have been reported as major communicable diseases, in this area. The diseases increased significantly during the months after Cyclone Nargis which was similar to other disaster incidents elsewhere in which the diseases that could cause major morbidity and mortality in emergencies including ARI, diarrheal diseases, measles and, malaria in endemic area, epidemic meningococcal disease, dengue, tuberculosis, tetanus, pneumonia, relapsing fever, yellow fever, and typhus 6,16. With early diagnosis and prompt treatment with trained staff by using standard protocols at all health facilities, the management of communicable diseases would wait on solve the situation 5. Thus, it might be due to the good sensitivity of drugs for common diseases in risk areas and the strengthened preparation for disaster management by both governmental programs, international organizations and NGOs. The morbidity and mortality of common communicable diseases seem to be in better situations after the Nargis incident.In 2009, acute diarrhea diseases in the affected area have been compatible with the national average of morbidity and mortality of 667 and 0.65 per 100,000 person year respectively. consequence fatality rate for diarrhea diseases such as typhoid, dysentery etc. was less than 1% and it achieved the standards set by communicable diseases management in public health emergencies 10. This finding coincided with the observable fact of high percentage of treatment with ORT among diarrhea children in the health facilities, decreasing i n severe dehydration among diarrhea children, and effective case management for diarrhea diseases as well as early diagnosis. The morbidity and mortality of ARI which was the most communicable disease burden revealed increasing trends in the study. Both ARI and diarrhea are still a public health burden and require effective prevention and control programs in this coastal area.In contrast, mortality and morbidity for vector-borne diseases, particularly malaria and dengue, reveal decreasing trends during 2007 to 2009, except high peak in months of Nargis incident. Malaria morbidity and mortality rates in study area were lower compared to national rate of 1075 and 1.84 per 100,000 person year respectively. Overall, major vector-borne diseases control in the study area has been functioning well. However, it was noted by healthcare providers that supply of drugs should be based on risk assessment of malaria in that area.The situation of other diseases also shows improving trends. Tubercu losis program reached the targets of case detection and treatment success rates but varied in different townships. More efforts are needed in townships that did not reached the national targets. Despite the fact that morbidity rates of sexual transmitted diseases did not change much, but the PMTCT coverage was improved. It was noted by healthcare providers though that PMTCT services should be secured at all townships by national health programs with financial and skilful support. This involves many stakeholders that manage PMTCT services in the country.Immunization plus program with nutrition services has shown effective practice for public health emergencies management and it should be maintained or even improved not only for future emergency incidents. It was suggested that if measles vaccination coverage rates are lower than 90%, it should be given priority to prevent an outbreak of measles in emergency situations 5, 6. Measles immunization coverage in the study area was at 84% but it was still considered not reaching the target of 95% coverage set up by Sphere 10. On contrary, DPT 3rd dose coverage was about 90% reaching the target of national health program but was again less than the IASC indicators of 95% coverage 11. In all, it was found that all immunizations coverage is slightly lower after Nargis incident in 2009 compared to 2008. Sustainability of immunization services should be considered as part of the routine national health program with involvement of donor agencies and township health department.Community awareness program should be strengthened because community awareness on early treatment and proper case management are important in reducing the impact of communicable diseases 6. It is found that almost all of the organizations distributed several IEC materials regarding communicable diseases however, most of the participants in the focus group discussion reported not interested in health education programs. The evaluation of effectiveness of health education programs should be then carried out to assess future public health emergency management.Utilization rate of health services such as general clinic attendance has been improving during the study period but it is still quite low in consideration with the target exploit of 50% target. Clinic attendance rates of some townships were less than 15% while TCG survey also reported that health services utilizations did not reach the Sphere target of 4 visits/person/year. It is necessary to look into on factors influencing the utilization of health services. Sanitary latrine coverage in townships at the affected areas was still slightly lower than the national sanitary latrine coverage of around 80%. It was also found that distribution of water and sanitation items were quite varied among communities. Water and sanitation program should be strengthened in townships which are below the national average by cooperation among stakeholders.ConclusionOverall, health sectors hav e achieved the Sphere targets of management of communicable diseases in the coastal townships. The excess mortality and morbidity of the communicable diseases was reduced in the Nargis affected area by means of health services given by Department of Health, MMOH and other several organizations including NGOs and international NGOs. However, communicable diseases are still the high burden in these townships and health sectors including all stakeholders should strengthen the health services. Lesson well-educated in terms of strengths and weakness for communicable diseases prevention control during Cyclone Nargis could be applied for setting up policy and plan for preparation and management of public health emergency in Myanmar.Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Authors contributionsNWM, JK, PS were involved in the conceptualization and design of the study. NWM prepared research instruments and other study logistics, collected data in Myanmar. SLN and TTM assisted in study management and data support in Myanmar. KC, PS, AKM, PP provided conceptual simulation and technical support for the study. NWM and JK performed analyses and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.AcknowledgementsWe

The Sydney Opera House Tourism Essay

The Sydney opera house mark Tourism EssayThe Sydney opera field of operations is one of the most familiar tourist attractions in Australia and produces more than 7 one million million million tourists/people visit the venue each year. The Sydney opera house phratry offers a variety of residue shows and performances as comfortably as guided tours, which enables each visitor to seek the enormous creation inside one of the existences most recognisable creates. most 1.2 million people attend the umteen performances and shows, and over 318, 000 people engross part of the guided tours available. The Sydney opera raise is likewise proudly, State, depicted object and innovation Heritage listed. However, there are many affrights that this photoic Australian icon encounters, including such issues as, conservation, and climate change. These different issues threaten the iconic building for proximo patrons and therefore need to be taken care of in revision to chief(pren ominal)tain Australias most recognisable and best cognise iconic fine-tunemark.The Sydney opera house base has become, with the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydneys best-known landmark and international symbol (The Sydney opera house set up, 2011). It is known as one of Australias iconic monuments and is one of the busiest and well-known performing art centres not simply Australia, just the world. Each year, the Sydney opera house field of operations provides over 1500 varying performance each year. It is located on Bennelong full stop in Sydney Harbour, in sight of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and is also located on the northern eastern point of the Sydney central business govern (CBD).The Sydney Opera rear is a performing liberal arts centre envisage and largely created by a Danish architect, Jrn Utzon. However, intentional in 1959, it took a total of 14 years to be consummate and was official opened in 1973 by Queen Elizabeth II.The Sydney Opera plate, cosmos a performing arts centre, promotes and supports a variety of performing arts companies, and with seven base venues, offers audiences the opportunity to experience the very best of the many different art forms performed (Sydney Opera mark 08/09 Annual Report, 2009). As well as the actual Sydney Opera House, visitors are able to experience the declare side area that offers a variety of attractions such as shopping, eat and entertainment.An estimated 45 million people have attended over coulomb,000 the Sydney Opera House since its opening in 1973 as well as an estimated 100 million people visiting the actual site (Sydney Opera House 08/09 Annual Report, 2009). Regular tours of the construction are conducted daily and many paths and forms of dishonour was available, leading back towards the CBD through the Botanic Gardens, which is another well known tourist attraction in Sydney.The Sydney Opera House provides Sydney with a vast number of tourists domestically and internationally passim the w hole year, which provides great exposure to many restaurants, bars and hotels that surround the Harbour. Hotels like the Park Hyatt, Quay constant of gravitation Suites Sydney, the promised land Hotel Sydney and The Four Seasons Hotel Sydney all benefit from the exposure the Sydney Opera House gains from the estimated 7 million patrons visiting the area each year, creating a link with the hospitality and tourism industry of Sydney.SITUATION ANALYSISConservationThe Sydney Opera House is a masterpiece of late modern architecture and an iconic building of the 20th century (The Sydney Opera House, 2011). It is nevertheless, an extraordinary building and not only the urban centers central cultural scene, still it is also admired world-wide and valued by the people of Australia.On the 28th June 2007, the Sydney Opera House was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site (Braithwaite, 2007). In 2003, Utzon was awarded the Pritzker Prize, an architects highest honour award, which stated at that determine is no doubt that the Sydney Opera House is his masterpiece. It is one of the great iconic buildings of the 20th century, an image of great beauty that has become known throughout the world a symbol for not only a city, but a whole country and continent. (Sydney Opera House, 2008)Climate change is the main concern that threatens World Heritage sites such as the Sydney Opera House (Daley, 2009). Since the Sydney Opera House is known as a World hereditary pattern Site, concerns about potential threats to the actual site are worrying. Such threats hold rising sea levels, increased ocean acidification, higher sea and land temperatures (global warming), and extreme weather events (National Trust, 2009). Because of the rising sea levels, there is a threat of the Sydney Opera House, sinking due to lack of stability.What would happen if the Sydney Opera House was not maintained and conserved? Would the economy differ? The Sydney Opera House relies solely on the patrons it attr acts for the diverse performances and activities it provides, and the substantial iconic pull it has world-wide. The Sydney Opera House also provides customers for the surrounding dining (restaurants, bars etc), accommodation (hotels), delight (ferry, train, bus etc) and vast activities that are available in the harbour. The Sydney Opera House is one of the most eventful performing arts centres in the world, providing over 1, 500 performances each year, and therefore attended by an estimated 2 million people, who intern provide the revenue for different events that occur in and about the Opera House, as well as the many hospitality industries also surrounding the venue.Conservation Recommendations for ImprovementIn regards to the sea levels rising, the president of the Australian chapter of the International Council on Monuments and Sites, Peter Phillips states that, If sea levels rise, they will all be gone. We want the Minister to realise that there are genuine threats but there are genuine solutions. At its most extreme example, it could base building a dam nigh the Opera House (Cooper, 2007). manifestly it is difficult to completely stop the impact of climate change on any Natural Heritage site however, they are able to be saved for a minimum amount of money with a primary focus on maintenance. However, Comprehensive statutory and associated frameworks are in place across three levels of government to keep in line that the present condition of the dimension is maintained to an exceptional standard (Sydney Opera House 08/09 Annual Report, 2009). They ensure that the building and surroundings are maintained through conservation programs, which are regularly undertaken. The Sydney Opera House Trust and the Australian and New randomness Wales Governments also thoroughly examine the maintenance situation throughout the year.The Sydney Opera House is ensured protection under various laws as it is listed as a Heritage site on National, State and Local gove rnment heritage lists and registers (Sydney Opera House 08/09 Annual Report, 2009).CONCLUSIONThe Sydney Opera House is instantaneously recognised by a vast number of people around the world as one of the most internationally acclaimed symbolic buildings in the world today. The significance of the building does not only relate to the city if Sydney or even Australia, but the nation as a whole. The Pritzker expenditure officially recognises that the Sydney Opera House was one of the great iconic buildings of the ordinal century and that it was an image of great beauty known throughout the world (Sydney Opera House 08/09 Annual Report, 2009).APENDIX IKey Dates for the Sydney Opera HouseKey DatesAchievements1957Jrn Utzon wins Sydney Opera House design contest (January)1959Work begins on Stage 1 building the foundations despite Utzons complain that plans were not finalised (March1966Jrn Utzon resigns (February)1973First guided tours of Sydney Opera House (July)First performance in Sydney Opera House Australian Opera performed Prokofievs War and Peace in the Opera Theatre (September)Opening observation and Royal Concert with HRH Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh (October 20)1979Concert Hall Grand Organ completed (May)1999Opening of The Studio new venue for modern performing arts (March)Jrn Utzon is re-engaged and appointed design consultant to the Sydney Opera House (August)2000Sydney Opera House Producers Unit established (October)2002Sydney Opera House Utzon Design Principles published (May)2003Sydney Opera House Conservation invent published (June)State Heritage Listing achieved (December)2004Backstage Tour launched (April)Utzon agency opened first venue at Sydney Opera House designed by Jrn Utzon (September)Recording Studio opened (October)2005National Heritage Listing achieved (July)2006Asian Language Tour launched in Japanese, Korean, mandarin orange tree (January)Colonnade opened by HRH Queen Elizabeth II designed by Jrn Utzon, it is the first change to the exterior of the building since its consummation in 1973 (March)2007World Heritage Listing achieved (June)The Essential Tour launched (October)2008 blowy Sydney Opera House architect, Jrn Utzon dies peacefully in his quiescence (November)2009Western Foyers fully refurbished (July)

Impact of Policy on Same-Sex Couples

electrical shock of Policy on Same-Sex CouplesSame-Sex Marri get along withsExecutive SummaryThe public policy explored in this analysis forget include section unrivaled from the family code titles, wedding violatey descent. This issue is frequently(prenominal) prevalent than most would imagine. In 1990 the American toilet table of census inform 145,130 said(prenominal)- gender unmarried duets living together. That number is inform to confirm increase to 594,691 by the year 2000 (Pawelski et al., 2006). According to President Bush, it is up to the soulfulnessistic kingdom to determine any legal arrangements other than wedding party. This leaves the rendering of trades union up to the individual g everyplacenments.It is essential to define the different unions as easily as have a strong understanding of the implications of separately indoors the raise of Texas. According to Bogenschnider, system of Paradox consists of three mobs that good deal issues from different angles. The pertain campsiteing site tends to be more(prenominal) conservative with their views on the family. It excessively strives to protect the traditional family fosters. The red camp is more concerned with the welf be of the children, as well as the individual well(p)s of people of altogether sexual preferences. The impatient camp figureks progress and respects all members of the residential district of interests regard little of the concern for the traditional family determine.The concerned camp views same-sex union as an tease to the historical family unit and the plungeations from which the family system was derived. This group is concerned with the query indicating that close to stressors answerable for creating significant nub of anxiety and distress for those in the transgender relationships. This camp is also concerned that disregardless of their vivificationstyle human being individuals atomic number 18 hitherto required to set to traditional straight person family styles in order to adopt, regardless of the fuck offings. (I dont understand this sentence, regardless of what findings?) The teenagers face up their human modus vivendi were also found to be more at risk for minus ports, including substance abuse and suicide. The concerned camp desires to take up the traditional family unit remain total for the welf argon of all individuals, especially the children.The ruby-red camp views recent family shifts absolutely as indicators of the capacity of families to correct to new environments rather than symptoms of decline. The sanguine camp considers the positive results of these family changes for individuals, especially women. The sanguine camp contends that children have the capacity to get over the emotional upheaval and coherent term consequences of divorce. They tend to reduce on people who have thrived in the midst of family change.The sanguine camp regards marriage, committal and nurtu rance as unchanging spirit American values no matter what. Contenders of this view declargon that the salient changes in the last string century were not about family value plainly about norms and standards regarding suppress or inappropriate fashion. For example, cohabitation before marriage became common and unmatched of four children born outside of marriage but majority still want to be married. Regarding policy-making, the greatest concern for the sanguine camp is individual freedom. They want to keep the American core values and establish the institutional prolongs to help families during rapid changes.The impatient camp acknowledges the change and issue in the diversity of alternative families and their structure. Qualitative look for is value and much of the evidence regarding childrens behavioral and cognitive out makes incorporates teacher responses along with leaven responses. The look into supports the changes towards same-sex marriage and welcomes signif icant positive explore findings that support their cause. This camp suggests that families do face challenges, but ultimately have numerous opportunities to show up their resiliency though this alternative lifestyle.The light of same-sex marriages would compose significant sum of stress from those families who are a part of a lesbian partnership. The light of this partnership would allow for order of magnitude to also lie with the partnership leadership to a more received perspective. The children in these families, as abutd by the research results, remain or so the average mark in receivement. However, they brood to have impediment comprehending and accepting the lifestyle affecting their emotional and amicable developments. State of Texas can alleviate this stress for these individuals by recognizing these same-sex marriages and providing the same right to homosexual couples that it safeguards for straightaway individuals. Providing this recognition will allow f or all families in the state of Texas to have the same resources, rights, and privileges creating a stronger, more united state, community, and families. human beings Policy Project Same-sex MarriagesThe public policy explored in this analysis will include section one from the family code titles, marriage relationship. This issue is more prevalent than most would imagine. In 1990 the American bureau of census inform 145,130 same-gender unmarried couples living together . That number is reported to have increased to 594,691 by the year 2000 (Pawelski et al., 2006). According to President Bush, it is up to the individual state to determine any legal arrangements other than marriage. This leaves the definition of marriage up to the individual governments. It is essential to define the different unions as well as have a strong understanding of the implications of each in spite of appearance the state of Texas (question 1).A polite union is a legal mechanism, sanction by well-bred a uthority, intended to grant same-sex couples legal status more or less similar to civic marriage. In the United States, civil unions have been establish only in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. In theses tates, same-sex couples are granted the same state- direct rights, benefits, and protections as those granted to heterosexual married couples. No other states recognize civil unions. As such(prenominal), same-sex couples considered to be licitly united in either of those states are treated as single individuals when they cross into other states.A municipal partnership is a relationship between two individuals, much but not necessarily of the same gender, who rifle together and mutually support one another as spouses but who are not legally joined in a civil marriage or a civil union. Some same-sex couples enter into domestic partnership agreements to create legally enforceable contracts involving property, finances, inheritance, and/or health concern. Domestic partner ships do not stretch the same legal threshold as civil unions or civil marriages and, accordingly, do not afford couples the rights, benefits,and protections of civil marriage (Pawelski et al., 2006).The definitions are stabilising but in the state of Texas any same-sex unions/marriages are banned. Protecting the sanctitude of life and marriage at the 79th Texas state Congress 2005, Texans voted on a constitutional amendment defining marriage in fall of 2005. SJR 6 defines marriage as between one man and one woman. Texas voters adopted this amendment on November 8, 2005. Texas now joins 14 states that statutorily and constitutionally ban same-sex marriage. Significant research has been call fored on this topic from umteen perspectives. It is essential to understand the effect of same-sex relationships on the family system and the individuals within that system.It is very difficult for those in a same-sex relationship to cope with the stigma that clubhouse has placed on these r elationships. Same-sex relationships have many of the same characteristics that heterosexual relationships possess. According to the research of Todosijevic, Rothblum, Solomon (2005) there are many factors contributing to the success of the same-sex relationship. Given the mixed results on demographic coincidence and relationship satisfaction among same-sex couples, it is attainable that couple similarity in level of outness may be more important for relationship satisfaction than couple similarity on demographic variables. For example, similarity on actual age (a demographic variable) may be less important than develop psychological introduce in the coming out process (including level of disclosure to others).Couples who are discrepant on outness may have conflict around such issues as where to live (e.g., in an obvious gay neighborhood), whether to bring a partner to work-related social events, and how to introduce their partner to family members. Beals and Peplau (2001) foun d that discrepancy in nudeness among partners was not predictive of relationship satisfaction. In another claim on this topic, Jordan and Deluty (2000) investigated the correlation between openness and relationship shade in 305 sapphics in committed relationships. Their results indicated that the degree of openness regarding sexual orientation was positively correlated with relationship satisfaction.They also concluded that discrepancy in openness in disclosure between partners was negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction. In addition, Jordan and Deluty (2000) discovered that negative affectivity (e.g., depression, anxiety, fear, anger, guilt, sadness, neuroticism) was not significantly correlated to relationship satisfaction. While, in a 45-year-long watch of matrimonial constancy and marital satisfaction in 300 heterosexual couples, Kelly and Conely (1987) found that negative affectivity in both genders was negatively related to relationship satisfaction. This d emonstrates the significance of same-sex relationships and how they appear much healthier than those of heterosexual partners.It is important that same-sex couples bugger off satisfaction in their relationships, but also find acceptance within the homosexual community. They experience a significant amount of distress from outside of the homosexual community. As a result they assert heavily on their peers to provide support. The gay lifestyle is a nerve-racking lifestyle. In a study by Todosijevic, Rothblum, and Solomon (2005), gay couples reported experiencing a significant level of anxiety regarding contraction of HIV/AIDS. Further, gay and lesbian couples indicated facing stress from their families due to disapproval of the lifestyle such as rejection, lack of support, and lack of understanding by the family due to their sexuality (p. 165.)In their study of two hundred adolescents and early adult lesbians, Cantor and Neulinger (2000) reported that 47.5% of the interviewees discl osed having made some attempts at suicide at some point in their life. Thirty one percent of these lesbian adolescents and unfledged adults who reported suicide attempts contributed it, at least partially, to their sexual orientation. Furthermore, in superior school age males, 36% of the homosexual students surveyed reported having made a suicide attempt at some point in their life compared to 8.9% of their heterosexual counterparts (where is this information coming from?). Data such as this indicates the honorable dilemma for the homosexual community, which creates unnecessary stress for homosexual individuals and their families.There are many milestones in life that homosexual individuals have a more difficult time achieving. Society paints a particular picture within which individuals are anticipated to fit snugly. Society expects homosexuals to conform to the norms that it has diligently created over the course of the history. A study was done recently that examined how the c ourts evaluate same-sex couples when they are attempting to adopt children (Connolly, 1998). The researchers found that the courts expect same-sex couples to conform as best possible to the traditional model of families. Since these couples are not allowed to marry, they are expected to demonstrate their commitment to each other in ways that heterosexual couples do not have to exhibit. Homosexual couples must realize that their demonstration of commitment must be more pronounced than heterosexual couples. They must also work to overcome their persuasion into the model in which the rest of society fits.As more and more same-sex couples are adopting or having children through faux insemination, concerns regarding the integrity of family structure and developmental outcomes of children in these alternative families are brought to discussion. Golombok, et al. (2003) examined the quality of parent-child relationships, socioemotional and gender development in a community sample of lesbia n parents with seven-year olds, and had a control group of heterosexual two-parent families. Demographics of both the lesbian and heterosexual families were similar. There were no statistically significant differences in mother-child relationships with regard to warmness toward child or emotional involvement.Family structure, not mothers sexual orientation, showed significant effectuate for overall parenting quality and enjoyment of motherhood. There were also no statistically significant differences in the frequency of conflicts with the child. Family structure, with single mothers, having more severe disputes (It seems exchangeable this sentence is missing something). Lesbian mothers also reported smack their children less than heterosexual mothers. Lesbian mothers also engaged in more chimerical play with their children than heterosexual mothers, as single mothers did more often than heterosexual mothers.Fathers showed statistically significant higher levels of emotional inv olvement and frequency of smacking with their children than co-mothers. Socioemotional development showed no statistically significant difference in conduct problems, hyperactivity, emotional symptoms or positive social behavior as reported by mothers and teachers. The study also showed no differences in childrens behavior according to gender when comparing boys and girls in both heterosexual and lesbian families (Golombok, et al., 2003).Flaks, Ficher, Masterpasqua, Josephs (1995) compared lesbian couples with heterosexual parents and their children, ages three to nine. Their study found that sexual orientation of custodial parents is not a significant variable in self-made development of the child and that there were no differences in children coming from disjoint heterosexual or same-sex parent families. The purpose of their study was to address concerns of the courts when gnarly in custody cases. They showed no significant differences with parents sexual orientation or gender of child in outcomes of cognitive development or behavioral adjustment. The study did find that lesbian parents had more parenting awareness skills than heterosexual parents this was statistically significant. This finding, with further statistical analysis, was shown to be related to gender, with mothers having better parenting skills than fathers.Wainright, Russell, Patterson (2004) examined family type heterosexual parents and same-sex parents, and outcomes in school, psychological adjustment and romantic relationships. Romantic relationships and sexual behavior was not associated with family type. The quality of the parent-child relationship determined better school adjustment. Anderssen, Amlie, Ytteroy (2002) reviewed xxiii evidenced-based research studies from 1978 to 2000, assessing outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents. Historically, the Scandanavian courts have not control against custody related to sexual orientation of the parent.However, evidenced based research regarding outcomes of children of same-sex parents is needed, since legal rights to adopt or become foster parents is not afforded to same-sex couples as they are to heterosexual couple. Emotional functioning was the outcome most often studied, followed by sexual preference, branding, gender role behavior, behavioral adjustment, gender identicalness and cognitive functioning. No differences in emotional functioning were shown between same-sex (lesbian) parents and heterosexual parents.There were no differences in sexual preferences in offspring with paternal sexual preference. Due to expressed negative attitudes which was received from outsiders, children of same-sex parents experienced stigmatization and teasing. The studies showed that few youngsters were teased no more than other children, and they developed durable relationships with peers as children of heterosexual parents (who said this?). There were no differences in gender role behavior, behavioral adjustment, and cognitive functioning.This significant research shows that the homosexual community faces difficult boundaries, restrictions, and stereotypes, but this community still manages to maintain relationships, raise their children, and live out unremarkable life with less negative outcomes than heterosexual individuals. This leads into the Theory of Paradox with three stances on the subject of same-sex marriages showing negative and positive conclusions (question 6).Striving to protect the traditional family values, the concerned camp tends to be more conservative with their views on the family. The sanguine camp is more concerned with the well-being of the children, as well as the individual rights of people of all sexual orientations. The impatient camp seeks progress and respects all members of the community regardless of the concern for traditional family values.The concerned camp views same-sex marriage as an insult to the historical family unit and the foundations from which th e family system was derived. The research indicates many stressors that are responsible for creating significant amount of anxiety, distress, and other negative reactions for those in the homosexual community. The research indicated that regardless of the homosexual lifestyle these individuals are still required to conform to traditional heterosexual family styles in order to adopt, regardless of the findings (This sentence is not clear. Regardless of what findings? Are there findings contrary to the outcome of court decisions on qualification of homosexual parents to adopt?). The teenagers living a homosexual lifestyle were also found to be more at risk for negative behaviors, including suicide. The concerned camp desires to see the traditional family unit remain intact for the welfare of all individuals, especially the children.The sanguine camp views recent family changes positively as indicators of the capacity of families to adapt to new environments rather than symptoms of dec line. The sanguine camp concerns the positive results of these family changes for individuals, especially women. The sanguine argue that children have the capacity to overcome the emotional upheaval and long term consequences of divorce. The contenders of this view tend to focus on people who have thrived in the midst of family change.The sanguine camp believes marriage, commitment and nurturance to be unchanging core American values no matter what. According to the sanguine, the dramatic change in the last quarter century was not about family value but about norms and standards regarding appropriate or inappropriate behavior. For example, cohabitation before marriage has become common and one of four children is born outside of marriage but majority still want to be married. Regarding policy-making, the greatest concern for the sanguine camp is individual freedom. They want to keep the American core values and establish the institutional supports to help families through rapid chan ges.The impatient camp acknowledges the change and growth in the diversity of alternative families and their structure. Qualitative research is respected and much of the evidence regarding childrens behavioral and cognitive outcomes incorporates teacher responses along with parent responses. The research supports changes towards same-sex marriage and welcomes significant positive research findings to support their cause. This camp finds that families do face challenges, but ultimately have numerous opportunities to demonstrate their resilience through this alternative lifestyle (question 7).The families affected most by the adversity to recognize same-sex marriages are those homosexual couples who have children. The family members of homosexual couples are also affected by the stereotypes that are involved with the homosexual lifestyle. Principle one addresses the question of if policies or programs set unrealistic expectations for families assuming fiscal and caregiving responsibi lities of dependent, hard ill or child with special needs. Principle two addresses family stability and explains that policies and programs should help maintain the stability of couples relationships, especially when children are involved (Bogenschneider, 2002).When flavor at the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) from the perspective of a homosexual family, it does allow for incentives to marry in the state that recognizes homosexual marriages. With the current statue of DOMA, children may not have continued financial support from one of the parents if the homosexual parents separate (NCRF, 2004). Massachusetts legalization of same-sex marriage allows for the children of these families to have some financial security if their parents should divorce or if one of the parents were to die. The issue with the DOMA policy is that it does not allow for financial protection to non-biological children of same-sex relationships (Coolidge Duncan, 2001).Carlson (2004) found that DOMA actually p rotects the sanctity of heterosexual marriages by not allowing homosexuals to marry legally. The justification here is that homosexual relationships are sterile and that the children from these relationships will not have any kinship to, at a minimum, one of the parents and it could possibly be both of the parents. Carlson (2004) also found that marriage is an evolution in itself (questions 2-3). scruple 4 Examine the performance of the Policy and Statute (p. 307) how has the Department implemented this policy? How has subsequent order (if any) revised this policy? Note This flows right into question 5 below.Question 5 Go to page 306 and answer question 1 (Family contact Questions) Reviewing rules, legislation, and laws to point out how legislation does or does not address families needs.The inclination of the previous research and the comprehension of the policy is to allow the policy holders to see the detrimental results that have occurred as a result of the sorrow to recog nize same-sex marriages. Homosexual families are suffering as a result of the failure to acknowledge the relationships that are closest to them. Children, according to the research, are well adjusted and develop normally but they are not able to develop socially because of the limitations that are placed on them from being a part of a homosexual family system.. They encounter numerous roadblocks and challenges as a result. The systems that butt on them are also aversely affected creating much distress for all individuals that come in contact with each member of the family.The homosexual partners also experience significant distress as a result of the failure of the state of Texas to recognize any union between two individuals of the same sex. These individuals urge on uphill battles daily with the simplest household activities, such as medical care/insurance, monetary matters, and significant custody concerns if children are involved. The recognition of same-sex marriages would a llow these homosexual families to experience more acceptance and give them the opportunity to continue with normal, daily activities without hindrance (question 8).The recognition of same-sex marriages would alleviate significant amounts of stress from those families who are a part of a homosexual partnership. The recognition of this partnership would allow for society to also recognize the partnership leading to a more accepted perspective. The children in these families, as demonstrated in the research results, remain near the average mark in development, but continue to have difficulty comprehending and accepting the lifestyle affecting their emotional and social developments. Texas can alleviate this stress for these individuals by recognizing these same-sex marriages and providing the same right to homosexual couples that is provided to heterosexual individuals. Providing this recognition will allow for all families in the state of Texas to have the same resources, rights, and privileges creating a stronger, more united state, community, and families.ReferencesAnderssen, N., Amlie, C., Ytteroy, E. (2002). Outcomes for children with lesbian orgay parents. A review of studies from 1978-2000. Scandinavian diary of Psychology, 43, 335-351.Bogenschneider, K. (2002). Family policy matters. Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesNJ. p.94-97.Brewer, P., Wilcox, C. (2005). The Pollstrends Same-sex marriage and civilunions. Public Opinion Quarterly, (69) 4, 599-616.Cantor, C., Neulinger, K. (2000). The epidemiology of suicide and attempted suicide among young Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(3), 370-387.Connolly, C. (1998). The description of gay and lesbian families in second-parent adoption. behavioural Sciences the Law Special issue Families and Courts, 16(2), 225-236.Flaks, D., Ficher, I., Masterpasqua, F., Joseph, G. (1995). Lesbians choosingmotherhood A comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual parents and their children. develop mental Psychology, 31, 105-114.Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, A., Murray, C., Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., et al.(2003). Children with lesbian parents A community study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 20-33.Jordan, K., Deluty, R. (2000). Social support, coming out, and relationshipsatisfaction in lesbian couples. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 4, 145164.Kelly, E., Conely, J. (1987). Personality and compatibility A prospective analysis ofmarital stability and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 2740.Lewis, R., Derlega, V., Berndt, A., Morris, L., Rose, S. (2001).An confirmable analysis ofstressors for gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 6388.Meyer, I. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, andbisexual populations Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674 697.Pawelski, J., Perrin, E., Foy, J., Allen, C., Crawford, J., Del Monte, M., Kaufman, M.,Klein, J., Smith, K., Springer, S., Tanner, J., Vickers, D., (2006). The effect of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children. Pediatrics, (118)1, 349-364.Pope, S. (2004). The magisteriums arguments against same-sex marriage Anethical analysis and critique. Theological Studies , 65(3), 530-555.Todosijevic, J., Rothblum, E., Solomon, S. (2005). Relationship satisfaction,affectivity, and gay-specific stressors in same-sex couples joined in civil unions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 158166.

Applying Criminological Theories to Cyber Crime

Applying Criminological Theories to Cyber CrimeCyber execrationThe cyberspace is perhaps todays most influential technological invention and continues to change daily life for virtually every adept on Earth. Millions of populate ar plugged into cyberspace, and thousands to a greater extent enter the online world every day. Not further has the Internet revolutionized the way we interact with others and remove, it has forever changed the way we live. As internet and computer technologies continue to thrive criminals acquire found ways to utilisation these technologies as a tool for their pervert acts. Cyberoffenses argon a novel breed of offensive activity that are perpetrated using computers, or are differently related to them. Cyber discourtesy is different and more(prenominal) heinous than conventional crime in that the crime is committed by dint of an electronic medium which take ins it ticklish to track and identify the criminal. The most common types of cybercr ime admit cyber fraud, defamation, hacking, bullying, and phishing. Within the palm of criminology, a number of theories exist that attempt to relieve why almost mint prosecute in deviant behavior, while others abstain from it. Although, these theories were primarily meant to explain crimes committed in the real world, they enkindle lock be utilise to cybercrime. These theories include affectionate learning possibleness, meek continence surmisal, worldwide test system, frustration aggression dead reckoning, routine activity surmisal, and situational crime prevention system. This paper will analyze aspects of the above theories, for the purpose of compreh final stage which best explains the motion of cybercrime.Akers hearty learning conjecture is a general theory of crime and has been used to explain a diverse begin of criminal demeanours. This work embodies within it four fundamental premises that include differential association, definitions, different ial respect and imitation (Burruss et al., 2012). Social learning theory is based on the idea that case-by-cases develop motivations and skills to commit crime by the association with or exposure to others who are involved in crime (i.e., associating with deviant peers). Akerss proposed that this exposure to deviant behavior provided idiosyncratics with definitions that are seen as either approving of or neutralizing the behaviour. These definitions become rationalizations for criminals when committing a crime. Differential championshiping refers to the rewards that are associated with a tellicular criminal behavior. This criminal behavior is to begin with learned through the process of imitation, which occurs when unmarrieds learn actions and behavior by ceremonial occasion and listening to others. So, when an individual commits a crime, he or she is mimicking the actions that they have seen others engage in (Burruss et al., 2012). In regards to cybercrime, look for has found that social learning theory sens explain the development and ongoing issue of software piracy. In their hit the books of software piracy, Burruss et al, found that individuals who associate with software piracy peers learn and subsequently accept the deviant conduct. Software piracy requires a real degree of skills and knowledge to find and deviant peers to originally learn these skills from. Furthermore, the deviant individuals rationalize their criminal behavior and help in the fostering of a network that connects and teaches other individuals these rationalizations and behavior. The study also suggested that individuals are more plausibly to engage in software piracy when they see others experiences imperative reinforcement for their participation (Burruss et al., 2012). Not only does social control theory explain for software piracy, elements of this theory can be attri aloneed in other cybercrimes. For display case in any crime, the rationalizations and skills must be learned and behavior is built through the association and observation of others. Thus, the main idea behind social learning theory is that we become who we are based on our milieu and this explanation can be used to explain cybercrime.While social learning theory emphasizes the importance of external actors that influence criminal involvement, misfortunate ownership theory posits that wiped out(p) abstinence is a key factor underlying criminality. This theory was originally developed by criminologists Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi. They proposed that their self-discipline theory can explain all types of crimes, all the time (Burruss et al., 2012). Individuals with low pigheadedness were characterized with being assay of exposure taking, short-sighted, impulsive and prefer simple and easy tasks. These characteristics preclude an individuals ability to accurately calculate the consequences of deviance. fit in to this theory, crime is seen as a means of obtain ing immediate gratification, and the ability to clasp much(prenominal) short-term proclivitys is cogitate to self-control. As much(prenominal), those with a appositeness for criminal involvement are impression to lose sufficient self-control. Also, people with low self-control act impulsively- without oft thought and based on what they are feeling at the moment. This makes them risk takers as they do not consider the consequences of their actions. Finally, low self-control people are focus oned on themselves and lack empathy towards others (Burruss et al., 2012). According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, low self-control originates in early socialization when parents are ineffective in their parenting. in that locationfore, neglecting and uncaring parents are probable to fail to socialize their child to properly delay gratification, care about the feelings of others, and restrain their impulses. As a topic, children with low levels of self-control end up being more prone t o crime, and their criminal propensity continues into later life. The characteristics of low self-control can be applied to more or less simple forms of cybercrime, including software piracy. In their study, Burruss et al , stated that levels of low self-control are directly related to the act of software piracy. For instance, an individual is in all likeliness to perform software piracy because they are impulsive and unable to reside to purchase a copy of the software. These individuals are not promising to be empathetic to the copyright holder and neglect any responsibility. Further, these individuals are likely to be attracted to the thrill and ease of engaging in software piracy. The study also found that low self-control does have an effect on software piracy and that social learning theory measures (i.e., associating with deviant peers and positive attitudes toward software piracy) condition this effect. Thus, from the characteristics of low self-control, those with low l evels of self-control are likely to participate in deviant behavior two on and offline because of their desire of immediate gratification.Robert Ag radicals general strain theory proposes that strain leads to forbid emotions, which may lead to a number of outcomes, including delinquency. The specific strains discussed in the theory include the failure to gain positively cherished goals (e.g., money), the removal of positively valued stimuli (e.g., loss of a valued possession), and the presentation of opposely valued stimuli (e.g., physical abuse) (Patchin Hinduja, 2011). The graduation strain looks at the gap between the expectations of the individual and what they actually achieve, which leads to disappointment and resentment. The second type of strain is caused when a positively valued stimulus is removed and the result is delinquency. This criminal behavior may present itself as an attempt to ease or re repoint the stimuli. The final examination type of strain occurs wh en confronted with negative stimuli. This may cause delinquency as a means to terminate or avoid the negative stimuli (Patchin Hinduja, 2011). According to Agnew, strain does not directly cause crime but quite an promotes negative emotions like aggression and frustration. This is directly in conjunction with the frustration-aggression hypothesis by Yale university psychologists. They believed that anger comes before frustration, and frustration can manifest into both aggressive and non-aggressive behavior (Runions, 2013). In turn, these negative emotions necessitate coping responses as a way to relieve internal pressure. Coping via illegal behaviour and violence may be especially true for adolescents because of their limited resources and inability to escape frustrating environments. In their article, Patchin Hinduja, concluded that general strain theory can be used to explain illegal behavior such as cyber bullying among youthfulness.Cyber bullying is a serious and growing bo ther that occurs when youth use electronics to harass or intimidate their peers in a deliberate attempt to inflict direct or indirect harm. There are some unique elements in the digital setting that are not present offline, such as anonymity, constant connectivity, and permanence. This new technology allows victims to be attacked at anytime and the anonymity of cyber bullies makes it difficult to identify them. Agnew argues that strain makes people feel angry, frustrated, depressed, and essentially creates pressure for corrective action on the part of the victim. In response to this pressure, victims react by wanting to take a corrective action as a means to gentle the notional feelings. Consequently for some victims, cyber bullying is one corrective action that adolescents superpower take to mitigate the bad feelings (Patchin Hinduja, 2011). Together, general strain theory and frustration aggression hypothesis, provide an understanding of how people, especially youth, respond and deal with negative strain, whether it may be to bully others or do deviant acts to alleviate the strain.Routine Activity Theory was developed by Cohen and Felson to originally worry the shortcomings in existing models that failed to adequately address crime rate trends since the end of World War II. They suggested that the behavior of most victims is repetitive and predictable and that the likelihood of victimization is dependent on three elements do offenders, suitable hindquarterss, and the absence seizure of capable guardians (Reyns, 2013). The motivated offender is someone willing to commit a crime if an opportunity presents itself. A suitable target is one that the motivated offender values (e.g., credit card breeding). In addition to these, a capable guardian includes anything that obstructs the offenders ability to acquire the target (e.g., antivirus, encryption). With the increasing use of the internet, criminals have found new opportunities to victimize their targe ts on a whole new platform. lookers have found some support for applying the tenets of routine activity theory to the study of cybercrime (Van Wilsem, 2011). People whose regular activities place them in situations where they have the possibility of interacting with offenders are at an increased risk of being victimized. Research has found that the amount of time spent online, more use of internet banking and online purchases, and risky online behavior make people more suitable to offenders. Individuals with these actions are more likely to be targeted for identity thievery. Furthermore, the lack of antivirus and network security (capable guardians) is associated with more victimization (Reyns, 2013). So, routine activity theory can be used, to an extent, to explain certain types of cybercrime.Situational crime prevention is a crime prevention strategy that addresses specific crimes by manipulating the environment in a way that increases the risk to the offender, while cut back th e electric voltage reward for committing the crime (Hinduja Kooi, 2013). It is rooted in rational choice theory, routine activities theory, and crime pattern theory. Like other prevention measures, situational prevention focuses on reducing crime opportunities earlier than the criminals. This theory differs from other criminological theories in that they do not look at why the offender did the crime, but rather how to prevent crime from altering the physical surroundings where the crime takes place. Essentially, it seeks to make the criminal act more difficult to commit in the first place. Like other primary crime prevention measures, situational prevention tends to focus on reducing crime opportunities rather than on the characteristics of criminals or potential difference criminals. In regards to cybercrime, there are ways in which space can be designed to prevent crime through target hardening, access control, deflecting offenders, and controlling facilitators (Hinduja Kooi , 2013). Target hardening is the actual physical (or digital) barriers that slew chances of crime, such as encrypting sensitive information. Access control involves strategies to prevent potential offenders from areas that a crime can occur. This includes photo ID cards, passwords, and check-in booths. Deflecting offenders is concerned with initiatives to move potential offenders away from their crime targets. For example, storing valuable data off-site would deter potential offenders from searching for it. Controlling facilitators involves checking elements that may cause a crime, such as doing background checks on employees or restricting unauthorized installations on computers (Hinduja Kooi, 2013). Research has found that situational crime prevention strategies can be used to reduce cyber stalking and other online victimization crimes. Also, prevention strategies can be applied InfoSec to effectively protect the assets of organizations from being exploited online (Hinduja Kooi , 2013). Theoretically, if used effectively, the principles of situational crime prevention seem to be able to prevent most types of cyber crime.Computers and the internet have become common place in todays nine. This new technology has resulted in the development of a new form of crime, cybercrime. I think that criminal behavior cannot be explained entirely by one theory it requires the combination of various theories. Different aspects of each theory can be used in conjunction to compensate for what each individual theory failed to explain. For example, social learning theory believes that crime is learned through association with deviant peers and research has already shown that there is a descent between the number of deviant peers an individual has and his or her participation in software piracy (Burruss et al., 2012). But, researchers have not examined whether social learning theory applies to all types of cybercrimes or just certain cybercrimes. On the other hand, low self control theory asserts that low self control is the cause of crime all the time. This may be true for some criminals, but many criminals, like those involved in white collar crimes, do not adhere to the principles of low self control. However, while self-control theory is useful in explaining why individuals may act in a certain way, it does not explain the situations that must be met for a crime to occur. Routine activity theory describes the situational factors that must be present for a crime to occur. It is more difficult to apply this theory to cybercrime because the offender and victim do not necessarily have to meet for the crime to occur. standardised to low self control theory, strain theory maintains that when an individual cannot achieve his or her goals, he or she experiences strain and as a result they may turn to crime (Patchin Hinduja, 2011). But, researchers could further study whether an individuals strain in the real world affects their deviant behavior in the vi rtual world. So, an individuals low self-control and negative strain combined with his or her deviant associations and regular activities can increase an individuals risk of being victimized online. Future studies of cybercrime victimization may draw benefit from using a combination of these theories to explore the problem. Cybercrime research will be important to our understanding of crime as our society becomes more and more dependent on technology.ReferencesBurruss, George W., Bossler, Adam M. And Holt, Thomas J. (2012). Assessing the mediation of a fuller social learning model on low self-controls influence on software piracy. Crime and Delinquency, 59(5), 1157-1184Hinduja, Sameer and Kooi, Brandon. (2013). Curtailing cyber and information security vulnerabilities through situational crime prevention. Security daybook, 26(4), 383-402Patchin, Justin W. and Hinduja, Sameer. (2011). Traditional and non-traditional bullying among youth A test of general strain theory. Youth Socie ty, 43(2), 727-751.Reyns, Bradford W. (2013). Online routines and identity theft victimization Further explaining routine activity theory beyond direct-control offenses. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50(2), 216-238Runions, Kevin C. (2013). Toward a conceptual model of motive and self-control in cyber-aggression Rage, reward and recreation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 751-771.Van Wilsem, Johan. (2011). Worlds tied(p) together? Online and non-domestic routine activities and their impact on digital and traditional menace victimization. European Journal of Criminology, 8(2), 115-127

Stages of Developing a Psychiatric Treatment Care Plan

Stages of Developing a psychiatrical Treatment anxiety PlanA diligent had been admitted to an A E unit after committing deliberate self-harm. He had attempted to commit suicide by overdosing on some headache tablets. When that hadnt worked he slashed himself in several places using a kitchen knife. He arrived at the A E unit in an extremely distressed state.Why the psychologist was called inAlthough the unhurried clearly had very severe physical injuries a super psychosocial assessment revealed he was suffering from severe cordial problems. His symptoms seemed to suggest clinical depression that was so deep-rooted and severe it necessitated intensive and sustained psychotherapy. Thus, it was contumacious to immediately refer him to a clinical psychologist. This is consistent with professional guidelines, which comm curio that self-harm patients are referred for psychological intervention if an initial psychosocial assessment reveals an underlying psychological problem ( NICE, 2004, p.32). A clinical psychologist is formally trained to palm with non-homogeneous forms of psychopathology, including clinical depression, based on psychological theories and research (Davey, 2004, pp.713-714). In attachment to carrying out in-depth psychological evaluations, to identify underlying psychopathology (using a abundant variety of personality and neuropsychological tests, and clinical observation), the psychologist is trained to make a formal diagnosis, using set criteria. clinical psychologists and psychiatrists have very quasi(prenominal) training. However a clinical psychologist rather than psychiatrist was called in to deal with this case because the latter are primarily medical doctors, and hence typically use the medical model for dealing with psychological disorders. Psychosocial assessment suggested that this patient primarily required intensive psychotherapy rather than medication.Theoretical conceptsThe clinical psychologist relied upon Sigmund F reuds psychoanalytic theory in formulating a treatment political program (McMillan, 2001, pp.599-600). Freuds conceptualisations have had a massive impact on pop culture, and psychology and psychiatry in particular. Psychoanalytic theory posits that un certain conflict, oft emanating from childhood, and involving forbidden sexual and aggressive desires causes psychopathology. A distinction is made surrounded by the conscious(p) (awareness), preconscious (memories that are readily accessible), and unconscious (repressed memories of which a person whitethorn not even be aware). Superimposed against these levels of consciousness are deuce-ace comp peerlessnts of human personality the id (basic biological drives), the ego (restrictions imposed by outdoor(a) reality), and superego (conscience). The id operates at the subconscious level, while the ego and superego function at the preconscious and conscious levels. Perpetual and intense conflicts between the id and the other two com ponents can depict considerable anxiety and, if unresolved, mental health problems. Psychoanalysis places considerable tenseness on the sex drive, or libido. Humans are thought to go along through several stages of psychosexual organic evolution. Fixation at any one stage results in various emotional problems.What the psychologist didDuring the initial session with the patient the clinical psychologist immediately set up a good rapport with the patient. The priority was to assess the patients problem, and develop a comprehensive treatment invention with clear goals for recovery. After an initial session the patient underwent numerous sessions involving drop out association, a therapeutic form of psychoanalysis (McMillan, 2001, pp.167-168). During this procedure, the psychologist encouraged the patient to talk whatever came to mind. Free association is considered to yield clues about the subconscious root of a patients problem. The patient spoke a lot about his childhood. Fro m snip to time the therapist probed with searching questions encouraging the patient to elaborate on particular statements made. During each session the psychotherapist maintained an empathic and non-judgemental demeanour, in order to facilitate a high degree of trust between himself and the patient. The patient attended weekly sessions over a six- month period. During the final month of therapy the clinician engaged in dream analysis, whereby the patient was asked to describe recent dreams in as much detail and with as much accuracy as possible.How the psychologists input was assessedBy the end of therapy it had gradually become clear that the patient had been experiencing intense homosexual desires ever since puberty. These urges had been repressed for years, in order to accommodate to social norms and his parents wishes for him to get married and have children. The patient wasnt conscious of these forbidden desires. The realisation made him feel much better, going a long way to explain why he had been feeling pathologically depressed, even suicidal. The impact of psychoanalytic therapy on this patient was assessed using a pre- and post-test experimental analysis (Coolican, 1994, pp.82-88). During his initial assessment of the patient the psychologist obtained baseline measures of psychiatric symptoms using the SCL-90-R (Derogatis, 1983), social functioning using the Social Adjustment outdo (Weissman, 1975), general adjustment in life, using the world(a) Assessment collection plate (Endicott et al, 1976), and episodes of self-harm, using the Suicide and Self-Harm Inventory (Sansone et al, 1998) during the previous six months. At the end of therapy the therapist administered the same battery of tests to gauge any improvements in the patients mental health. Statistical analysis comparing pre- and post-test data, using a t-tested for repeated measures (Coolican, 1994, pp.281-286) showed significant improvements on all criteria psychiatric functioning, and social/global adjustment, and frequency of self-harm.BibliographyCoolican, H. (1994) look for Methods and Statistics in Psychology, London, HodderDavey, G. (ed) (2004) Complete Psychology . London Hodder and StoughtonDerogatis, L.R. (1983) SCL-90-R Administration, Scoring, and Procedures Manual,II. Towson, Md, Clinical Psychometric Research.Endicott, J., Spitzer, R.L., Fleiss, J.L. Cohen, J. (1976) The Global AssessmentScale a procedure for measuring overall stiffness of psychiatric disturbance.Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, pp.766771.NICE (2004) Self-Harm The Short-Term Physical and psychological Managementand Secondary Prevention of Self-Harm in Primary and Secondary CareClinical Guideline 16. London National Institute for Clinical Excellence.McMillan, M. (2001) The dependableness and validity of Freuds methods of freeassociation and interpretation. Psychological Inquiry, 3, pp. 167-175.Sansone, R.A., Wiederman, M.W. Sansone, L.A. (1998) The Self-Harm Inventory(SHI) deve lopment of a scale for identifying self-destructive behaviors andborderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, pp.973-983.Weissman, M.M. (1975) The assessment of social adjustment. Archives of GeneralPsychiatry, 32, pp.357365.

Gauss Guns :: physics gauss gun

The theory behind gauss guns is that you can charge electrical energy and convert it to kinetic energy by employ an electromagnetic energy storage field.In essence, you take a ferrous object (the projectile) and place it at one end of a dig up solenoid. When electricity is applied to the coils in stance the solenoid, a magnetic field is generated which pulls the projectile towards the center of the coils. As the projectile reaches the center and continues, the magnetic pull decreases and in conclusion releases. Before this happens, you need to either shut off the field, or reverse it. This result allow the particle to continue out the opposite side of the solenoid and beyond, thus being a gun.This system cannot make for a very powerful projectile without becoming prohibitively draining in terms of power for the coils. But it is come-at-able to line up treble coils and by carefully timing electrical pulses fire the projectile with oft more acceleration. However, in terms of a man-portable gun, anything beyond a single stage would be too heavy, while a single stage gun that is portable cannot generate too overmuch force. Thus, there are no soldiers carrying Gauss rifles. The formula for Projectile Force from a Gauss gasoline F = A*N*I(((0*N*I)/(2*(c)2))+(1/CL)) division of FormulaF = Final force of projectile, in NewtonsA = region of cross-section of barrel, in metersN = Number of turns in solenoid coilI = Current through coils, in Amperes0 = The permeability of free space (12.5663*10-7) in Teslasc = (ra/2b) Found from measurements in figure 1C = Quantity of electric charge, in Coulombs (A/s)L = Length of barrel, in meters using this formula and the mass of your projectile, you can determine the acceleration your projectile will have when exiting the gun. (F=ma)There are too many variables to ever go up a perfectly efficient setup for a gauss gun, but it is possible to find various setups that provide a very high direct of efficiency.If you are looking to see a gauss gun being apply as a weapon, your best bet is too run out and buy round futuristic video game. At this point in time, there are no known (unclassified?) portable weapons that fire with electromagnetic forces. However, some prototype, tabletop sized models have been built, and below you can find some links to see some current experiments in Gauss Gun technology. surface-to-air missile Barross POWERLABS currently has built a nice single stage Gauss Gun and there are also developing a powerful multi-stage gun.

JFK assassination Essay -- essays research papers

In a few days people will forget and there will be a new chair. Lee Harvey Oswald          It was a hot day in Dallas, Texas. Pre lieunt Kennedy sat in the rear seat on the right side of the car. His wife, Jacqueline, sat on his left. Texas regulator John B. Connally sat in a "jump" seat in front of the president, and Mrs. Connally sat to her husbands left. They were in a motorcade when an unimaginable sound was heard. It was 1230 p.m., the cars approached an expressway for the last stage of the trip. Suddenly, three shots rang out and the president slumped down, hit in the neck and head. Connally sure a bullet in the back. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was shot. Mrs. Kennedy didnt know what to do, I was looking to the left and I heard these terrible noisesand my husband neer made a soundI could see a region of his skulland then I remember falling on him saying, Oh, no, no, no,it just seemed an eternity. The limousine raced to nearby Parkland Hospital. Doctors worked desperately to save the president, but he died at 100 p.m. without regaining consciousness. Doctors express that Kennedy had no chance to survive when brought into the hospital. Governor Connally, although seriously wounded, later recovered.      President Kennedy, A.K.A. JFK, was in Texas to gain support for his re-election. Kennedy came to Texas go with by his wife and Vice President and Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson. The purpose of his trip was to repair a split in the Texas Democratic Party before the 1964 presidential campaign in which Kennedy planned to run for a second term. Dallas had a reputation as a center for people who strongly contrary Kennedy.The assumed assassin was a 24-year-old ex-U.S.Marine, who from the beginning had emotional problems and difficulties. His father died had before he was born and his mother was not much support. He was carry out from the Marines in September 1959 and went to the Soviet Union a m onth later. He tried to become a Soviet citizen but was turned down. He also had been active in the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, a meeting that supported Cubas Communist dictator Fidel Castro. He returned to the U.S. with his wife Marina, and baby daughter. No one saw Oswald shoot the President. The high-powered Italian rifle said to have killed the President was traced to Osw... ...nedy for not throwing the full weight of his air personnel department behind the Bay of Pigs affair and he came to an agreement with the Soviets over Cuba. The Dallas police were also widely investigated. Concluding they were at fault for Oswalds death. In 1982, the National Research Council, a scientific research organization, disagreed with the House committees finding. on that point was also a single bullet theory in which notwithstanding one shot was fired killing Kennedy, leaving his neck and go into Governor Connellys back. Though Connelly disagrees saying, the bullet that entered Kennedy w asnt the same as the one for my wounds. Others say there were four or five bullets. No one knows for sure how many bullets there were or how many existing people were involved with the killing of President John Kennedy. Clearly there was an attempt by Federal and local authorities to conceal the facts as contained in the evidence. The cover up is all to obvious. The world is still in mourning because of the loss of a beloved President. Those who witnessed the killing of Oswald were forever changed as well. Seeing two deaths in two days was shocking. But who actually knows who really killed John Fitzgerald Kennedy?

Good vs. Evil in John Steinbecks East of Eden :: East Eden Essays

Good vs. Evil in easterly of Eden   God saw that all he had created was actually good. You are part of matinee idols creation, and he is pleased with how he do you. If at times you feel worthless or of little value, remember that god afflictivee you for a good reason. You are valuable to him. ( Genesis 131) I believe that all things created are at first good. The tidings gives pages upon pages of quotes and stories on the battle of good versus evil, but in the story East of Eden we are given what might be the crackingest heading of it all, and that is if the main character Cathy a.k.a. Kate was born good or evil.   Kate was born and brought up an only child. At first Kate was a normal child and no one thought anything of her. When she got a little bit older Kate began to do things other children wouldnt normally do. At one point she was caught in her bacillus with two boys and her tied up. Her mother and father punished her for this and whipped her until she was good again. Kate was doing great things, she was doing things that made her look like a perfect child. One mean solar day though Kate made a plan to kill her parents by locking them in the house while she sets it on fire. Kate did this and immediately got out of town. This is when Kate made her and ended up with ten Trask another main character.   Adam trim back in love with Kate and ended up marring her and moving into a farm with her. Kate the whole time stayed silent and not very sociable. She became pregnant gave throw to twin boys. Right after the boys were born she went on a mad rampage and shot Adam in the shoulder and ran off to be a whore. She told Adam she was Evil and didnt want anything to do with him or the boys.   Kate ran past to a whore house and there she tortured and blackmailed many big men in the community. These man could not stop coming back, as though she had some power over them. All the while Adam was home trying to deal wit h the heart break of Kate leaving and her just about killing him.