Near Death Experiences :: essays research papers fc

There are many phenomena present in today&8217s world concerning both life and death. An extraordinary incorporation of these prominent values is a just final stage Experience (NDE). Near expiration Experiences empower and affect the psyche of many, ever-changing their lives forever and altering their perception of death. Many questions arise from this particular topic simply because you have to experience it to fully understand its meaning. Questions such as, What is it, What happens, and how do they come about are familiar to experts in this field or to the people who have first hand experience.Although the meaning of a Near Death Experience is incompatible to the individual, it is described to be a personal encounter with death, later being brought back to life. The man responsible for triggering the later studies of this perplexing subject is Dr. Raymond Moody. During the year of 1975, he published a book, Life After Life, explaining his newfound concept of a Near Death Exp erience. He heard about a specific content study that extremely intrigued him. &8220As a student, Raymond Moody heard about the experience of a psychiatrist who had &8216died&8217 from double pneumonia only recovering after his recreate had pronounced him dead to his family. This remarkable case stunned Raymond Moody, and after publishing his book, this case intrigued society. This particular psychiatrist went on to write about his Near Death Experience, but Dr. Moody was the first to research this unknown topic. Although Dr. Moody set a precedence in studying this subject, the event that triggered his studies was not the first Near Death Experience to be documented. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, also a psychiatrist, worked with survivors from the Nazi concentration camps. Because of her patients, she had become completely convinced that something unexpected happens close to death. Her book, Death and Dying, much more than general than Dr. Moody&8217s work, contains the first real explo ration of a NDE by a doctor.Obviously, Near Death Experiences occur near an individual&8217s time of death. The cause of an individual&8217s time of death potty come from virtually anything, but, usually results from some sort of accident. &8220Accidents come out of the blue. They can happen to anyone and there&8217s no time to prepare for them. Because accidents may occur at any time, so may a Near Death Experience. Thus meaning that, only knowledge of the subject matter can reduce fear and gain preparation.Each individual may experience polar emotions, visions, and encounters, but generally, the first few stages of Near Death Experiences are common throughout each case.

Cave Art :: essays research papers

At the foot of a cliff in the Ardche Gorges, in south-eastern France, connoisseur speleologists discovered the worlds oldest painted prehistoric cave. Discovered on December 18, 1994, this cave features art that dates back thirty-one thousand long time. Jean-Marie Chauvet, Eliette Brunel-Deschamps and Christian Hillaire, were the amateurs who discovered the cave that has ascend to be known simply as the Chauvet cave. The explorers were in Vallon-Pont-dArc, France some thirty feet below ground. While exploring a cave, they were intrigued by a draft of air. They followed the draft to the rise and discovered a cavity. This cavity then led to a vast network of galleries and rooms. The explorers were amazed. As they began to take a closer look, they saw columns of calc-spar, minerals in the walls, swot of bears. Suddenly, Eliette saw the image of a small mammoth on the wall in front of her. The adventurers were astounded. The walls began to come alive with engravings and paintings in red ochre and black. everyplace they turned, there were these paintings that stretched hundreds of yards. The discoverers could not believe their eyes. Before them, were some three hundred horses, rhino, lions, buffalo, and mammoth. Some of the animals were alone, while some were drawn in packs. And finally, all of these paintings were awakened from thousands of years of deep sleep. Jean Clottes, a specialist in cave paintings, is commissioned to appraise the cave. He was able to verify that this was genuine Paleolithic art. Everything was authentic and perfectly preserved. Now, all that needs to be done is determine the age of these masterpieces. Six months later, carbon 14 dating analysis showed that one buffalo and two rhinoceros were no less than 31,000 years old. Suddenly, the cave paintings at Vallon-Pont-dArc found themselveds promoted to the rack of the oldest known cave paintings to date. The Ministry of Culture is quoted as saying that these datings have revolutionized h itherto genuine concepts on the appearance of art and its development, and prove that homo sapiens learnt to draw at a very early stage.

The Neurosurgeon :: Biology Science Medical Essays

The Neurosurgeon The worldly lobe comprises all(prenominal)(prenominal) the tissue that lies below the Sylvian fissure and anterior to the occipital and parietal cortex. The temporary regions can be divided on the squint surface into those that are audile (Brodmanns area) and those that form the ventral visual stream on the lateral blase lobe. The visual regions are referred to as either infero temporary cortex or by von Bonin and Baileys designation, TE. The sulci of the temporal lobe contains most of the cortex. The superior temporal sulcus (STS) which separates the superior and midway temporal gyri can be divided into many sub regions. It receives input from auditive, visual, and corporal regions as well as the frontal and parietal regions and the paralimbic cortex. The medial temporal region includes the hippocampus (and surrounding cortex) and the fusiform gyrus. The posterior end of the temporal lobe is referred to as the parahippocampal cortex and include s areas known as TH and TF. The fusiform gyrus and privileged temporal gyrus are part of the lateral temporal cortex. The uncus refers to the anterior accompaniment of the hippocampus. The hippocampus, as well as the amygdala, are buried deep within the temporal lobe. The temporal lobes have many internal connections which project to the sensory systems, to the parietal and frontal regions, to the limbic system, and to the basal ganglia. The neocortex of the left and right lobes is connected to the archicortex. Studies have demonstrated four projection pathways of information in the temporal lobe which each form separate suffices. First, auditory and visual information processes from the primary regions resultant in the temporal pole form the ventral stream of visual processing. Its function is thought to be stimulus recognition. Second, auditory, visual, and somatic project into the superior temporal sulcus whose function is stimulus categorization. Third , auditory and visual information is projected to the medial temporal regions including the hippocampus (called the preforant pathway) and the amygdale. This pathway is crucial to long terminal figure memory. Fourth auditory and visual information goes to the area of the frontal lobe which is necessary for various aspects of movement, control, short term memory, and affect. The Neurosurgeon Biology Science Medical EssaysThe Neurosurgeon The temporal lobe comprises all the tissue that lies below the Sylvian fissure and anterior to the occipital and parietal cortex. The temporal regions can be divided on the lateral surface into those that are auditory (Brodmanns area) and those that form the ventral visual stream on the lateral temporal lobe. The visual regions are referred to as either inferotemporal cortex or by von Bonin and Baileys designation, TE. The sulci of the temporal lobe contains most of the cortex. The superior temporal sulcus (STS) which separates the superior and middle temporal gyri can be divided into many sub regions. It receives input from auditory, visual, and somatic regions as well as the frontal and parietal regions and the paralimbic cortex. The medial temporal region includes the hippocampus (and surrounding cortex) and the fusiform gyrus. The posterior end of the temporal lobe is referred to as the parahippocampal cortex and includes areas known as TH and TF. The fusiform gyrus and interior temporal gyrus are part of the lateral temporal cortex. The uncus refers to the anterior extension of the hippocampus. The hippocampus, as well as the amygdala, are buried deep within the temporal lobe. The temporal lobes have many internal connections which project to the sensory systems, to the parietal and frontal regions, to the limbic system, and to the basal ganglia. The neocortex of the left and right lobes is connected to the archicortex. Studies have demonstrated four projection pathways of informa tion in the temporal lobe which each form separate functions. First, auditory and visual information processes from the primary regions ending in the temporal pole form the ventral stream of visual processing. Its function is thought to be stimulus recognition. Second, auditory, visual, and somatic project into the superior temporal sulcus whose function is stimulus categorization. Third, auditory and visual information is projected to the medial temporal regions including the hippocampus (called the preforant pathway) and the amygdale. This pathway is crucial to long term memory. Fourth auditory and visual information goes to the area of the frontal lobe which is necessary for various aspects of movement, control, short term memory, and affect.

The Dirty South :: essays research papers

The Dirty SouthDuring the times of the Civil Rights Movement the drab communities of Birmingham, aluminium suffered severely due to the nonorious acts of racism geared towards them simply because they were down(p). They boldly endured beatings, lynching, bombings, and take down treatment from the white community and especially from the Clan. The September 15, 1963 racially motivated bombing of the Birminghams Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, which resulted in the deaths of four innocent black girls, was unitary of the darkest moments of the Civil Rights Movement and perhaps one of the darkest days in Birmingham, Alabamas history. Betty Blackman was born and raised in Birmingham. Her life was engulfed by the racism and left her with dramatically scaring memories of Birmingham. I grew up in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. I was born there December 11, 1947. Most of the memories I have of growing up there are the most painful memories that I have, which is strong racism and l iving in ein truth day fright. I remember not existence able to drink out of the cleaner water fountains around townspeople they were for the white people. The water fountains that were available to us were few, far between and very filthy. The black people were treated like dogs in Birmingham. I remember having to visualise of the all stores and restaurants in town through the back entrances. One place I remember so vividly was a restaurant called Stadium Grill. We request food there every week while we were doing the wash across the thoroughfare at the Laundromat. We enter in the back door into a very tiny poorly lit room. There were no tables or chairs for us to depend upon and eat there, it wasnt allowed. There was only a small window to which we placed our orders and left. The front of the restaurant was large it had tables with real cloth coverings and beautiful flowers seance in the middle of the tables. I never once stepped foot interior the front of that restaurant. The way our communities were much different than they are now. Black people were not allowed to live among the white people. The white people lived in big plushy homes on the far east array of town and the blacks lived on the west side of town in small run down homes. There was, however, one subdivision that the wealthier black families lived. The name of it was the Goldwire Area and even now it never compares to the homes in which the poverty stricken families live now.The Dirty South essays research document The Dirty SouthDuring the times of the Civil Rights Movement the black communities of Birmingham, Alabama suffered severely due to the notorious acts of racism geared towards them simply because they were black. They boldly endured beatings, lynching, bombings, and demeaning treatment from the white community and especially from the Clan. The September 15, 1963 racially motivated bombing of the Birminghams Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, which resulted in the deaths of four innocent black girls, was one of the darkest moments of the Civil Rights Movement and perhaps one of the darkest days in Birmingham, Alabamas history. Betty Blackman was born and raised in Birmingham. Her life was engulfed by the racism and left her with dramatically scaring memories of Birmingham. I grew up in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. I was born there December 11, 1947. Most of the memories I have of growing up there are the most painful memories that I have, which is strong racism and living in every day fright. I remember not being able to drink out of the cleaner water fountains around town they were for the white people. The water fountains that were available to us were few, far between and very filthy. The black people were treated like dogs in Birmingham. I remember having to enter of the all stores and restaurants in town through the back entrances. One place I remember so vividly was a restaurant called Stadium Grill. We ordered food there every week while we were doing the wash across the street at the Laundromat. We enter in the back door into a very tiny poorly lit room. There were no tables or chairs for us to sit and eat there, it wasnt allowed. There was only a small window to which we placed our orders and left. The front of the restaurant was large it had tables with real cloth coverings and beautiful flowers sitting in the middle of the tables. I never once stepped foot inside the front of that restaurant. The way our communities were much different than they are now. Black people were not allowed to live among the white people. The white people lived in big lavish homes on the far east side of town and the blacks lived on the west side of town in small run down homes. There was, however, one subdivision that the wealthier black families lived. The name of it was the Goldwire Area and even now it never compares to the homes in which the poverty stricken families live now.

Essay --

Expression system of rulesCombination of host and expression vector and its DNA clone, induce the function of foreign element within host jail cell that yield proteins in larger amount in called as expression system. embrace Expression SystempET is a vector that is used for cloning of desired proteins within host cell.IntroductionpET expression system is widely used method for cloning for being of No. of clones for most wanted proteins. For this purpose expression vector or recombinant vector is introduced within host cell. This recombinant vector take to the woods all gene inhering for manufacturing of proteins, having promoter suitable for host cell, it also carry terminal sequence for transcription, and also have ribosome binding sites. One pET expression system was introduced by W.F. Studies and B.A. Moffatt in 1986 that was expression system of T7 polymerase. Two methods were used for stability of T4 RNA polymerase. One of the method uses lambda bacteriophage for induction of coding gene for T4 RNA polymerase and other method involved in direct insertion of gene within chromosome. It is most used method due to production of proteins in large quantity, that save in T7 promoter and have only binding sites for RNA polymerase.(Moffatt. B.A, et. al. 1986)Control of levels of Basal ExpressionThere ar six vector-host unions that are produced by pET expression system. These are essential because only one condition is unfavorable for protein that are targeted.(Resenberg. A.H, et. al. 1987)Host StrainsIn non-expression host, after production of plasmids, they are interconverted into T7 polymerase gene (DE3 lysogen) that carry host to express target protein.The lac UV5 promoter control the gene of T7 RNA polymerase in ... ...ide bond in cytoplasm is induced by strains of OrigamiTM.RapidSystem that uses E.coli gives results rapidly. Other vectors provide appropriate restriction sites that are used for subcloning.Targeted proteins are purified in single step, methods that contain no antibody are selected.VersatileFusion tags of N-Terminal and C-terminal are preferred to purify, purify and locate.Replication originated at f1 in sequencing and mutagenesis.Sites for multiple cloning are of wide range.CompleteNumber of useful products Various shapes of systems.(Imotaka. H. et. al. 2009)CollusionIt is cogitate that pET expression system is helpful in synthesizing of proteins. It induce transcription as well as translation. pET vector inserted within host cell carry desired gene to be cloned. pET expression system help in cloning of desirable gene or product.

Essay --

Expression SystemCombination of boniface and expression vector and its DNA clone, induce the function of foreign ingredient within host stall that yield proteins in larger amount in called as expression governing body.pET Expression SystempET is a vector that is used for copy of desired proteins within host cell.IntroductionpET expression system of rules is widely used method for cloning for creation of No. of clones for most cherished proteins. For this purpose expression vector or recombinant vector is introduced within host cell. This recombinant vector carry all gene intrinsic for manufacturing of proteins, having promoter suitable for host cell, it also carry terminal sequence for transcription, and also nourish ribosome binding sites. One pET expression system was introduced by W.F. Studies and B.A. Moffatt in 1986 that was expression system of T7 polymerase. Two methods were used for stability of T4 RNA polymerase. One of the method uses lambda bacteriophage for induc tion of coding gene for T4 RNA polymerase and another method involved in direct insertion of gene within chromosome. It is most used method due to production of proteins in large quantity, that present in T7 promoter and have only binding sites for RNA polymerase.(Moffatt. B.A, et. al. 1986)Control of levels of Basal ExpressionThere are six vector-host unions that are produced by pET expression system. These are essential because only one condition is unfavorable for protein that are buttocksed.(Resenberg. A.H, et. al. 1987)Host StrainsIn non-expression host, after production of plasmids, they are interconverted into T7 polymerase gene (DE3 lysogen) that carry host to express target protein.The lac UV5 promoter control the gene of T7 RNA polymerase in ... ...ide bond in cytoplasm is induced by strains of OrigamiTM.RapidSystem that uses E.coli gives results rapidly. Other vectors provide trance restriction sites that are used for subcloning.Targeted proteins are purified in single step, methods that contain no antibody are selected.VersatileFusion tags of N-Terminal and C-terminal are preferred to purify, purify and locate. recurrence originated at f1 in sequencing and mutagenesis.Sites for multiple cloning are of wide range.CompleteNumber of useful products Various shapes of systems.(Imotaka. H. et. al. 2009)CollusionIt is concluded that pET expression system is helpful in synthesizing of proteins. It induce transcription as well as translation. pET vector inserted within host cell carry desired gene to be cloned. pET expression system help in cloning of desirable gene or product.

Exercise 40 Chi Squared

Researchers routinely choose an ? -level of 0. 05 for testing their hypotheses. What are some experiments for which you king want a lower ? -level (e. g. , 0. 01)? What are some situations in which you might accept a higher level (e. g. , 0. 1)? An alpha level of 0. 05 is arbitrary and was bunch as a standard by scientists. One of the key concepts in hypothesis testing is that of significance level or, the alpha level, which specifies the probability level for the read to be an unreasonable see.Unreasonable means that the estimate should non have taken its particular value unless some non-chance factor(s) had operated to alter the nature of the hear such that it was no longer representative of the population of interest. (Price, 2000) As a researcher, you have complete control over the value of this significance level. The alpha level should be considered establish on the research context and of the researchers personal convictions about how severe they want the evidence to be , before concluding that a particular estimate is reasonable or unreasonable. Price, 2000) An alpha level of 0. 05 is the recommended norm for a two tailed test. The alpha level should be considered based on personal convictions of how strong you want your evidence to be. The alpha level is the probability or p-value that the researcher is willing to accept as significant. It can also be interpreted as the chance of making a Type 1 or Type 2 error. When you set a more stringent (smaller) alpha level, like . 01 or . 001, (which decreases the probability of making a Type I error) you increase the likelihood of making a Type II error.Hence, it is suggested that an alpha level of . 05 is a trusty compromise between the likelihoods of making Type I and Type II errors. An experiment where you may want a lower alpha level (e. g. , 0. 01) would be for example a drug study for coagulation times. You would want to be certain the drug is raiseive, therefore a lower alpha level would be prude nt. Within this same drug study, you would accept a higher alpha level when looking for drug side-effects. (University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center , 2013) References Price, I. (2000).What Alpha aim? In I. Price, Inferential Statistics (p. Chapter 5). New England University of New England. University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center . (2013). Hypothesis Testing . Retrieved March 21, 2013, from Biostatistics for the Clinician http//www. uth. tmc. edu/uth_orgs/educ_dev/oser/L2_2. HTM 4DQ1 How would you explain the analysis of variance, assuming that your audience has not had a statistics class before? When examining the passings between two or more groups, you can use the analysis of variance which is known as analysis of variance.This is a statistical technique that is used to compare the means or averages of more than two groups. There are trine uses of ANOVA which are the one-way, the two-way and N-way Multivariate ANOVA. (Solutions, 2013) The find out factor w hen to use one of the ways is dependent upon how many treatments are used in the study. We use the term treatment because ANOVA originated in the 1920s to test assorted treatments of fertilizers crop yields. ( synopsis of Variance, 2012, p. 2) Here, we will cover the one-way and the two-way ANOVA.The one-way between groups, ANOVA is used when you want to test the difference between two or more groups. This is the simplest version of ANOVA. (Crossman, 2013) This could be used for example in a study on the ages of patients on different cardiac medications. Here we are only looking at the various ages of patients. The two-way ANOVA between groups is used to look at complex groupings. (Crossman, 2013) For example, the patients ages in the previous example could be extended to include the patients from other countries to see if the ages vary from those in the U. S.So you would have three two effects from this ANOVA the effect of the ages and the effect of abroad versus local. Using ANOV A in this study, you could also add diet to see if there is any association between cardiac meds, patients ages, and differences of abroad versus local. ANOVA creates a way to test several null hypotheses at the same time. (Solutions, 2013) There are however, certain assumptions that carry to be met for true comparison of means prior to conducting the analysis which are 1. The population in which samples are drawn should be normally distributed. 2.Independent of case the sample cases should be independent of each other. 3. Homogeneity Homogeneity means that the variance between the groups should be approximately equal. (Solutions, 2013) ANOVA is used very commonly in business, medicine or in psychology research. In business, ANOVA can be used to compare the sales of different designs based on different factors. A psychology researcher can use ANOVA to compare the different attitude or behavior in people and whether or not they are the same depending on certain factors. In medical r esearch, ANOVA is used to test the effectiveness of a drug. Solutions, 2013) References Chapter Fourteen Analysis of Variance. (2012). Retrieved from www. ssc. wisc. edu/aaradill/310_spring2012_chapter14. pdf Crossman, A. (2013). Analysis of Variance. Retrieved March 25, 2013, from About. com Sociology http//sociology. about. com/od/Statistics/a/Analysis-of-variance. htm Solutions, S. (2013). Analysis of Variance. Retrieved March 25, 2013, from Statistics Solutions http//www. statisticssolutions. com/academic-solutions/resources/directory-of-statistical-analyses/analysis-of-variance/What is an interaction? Describe an example what are the variables within your population (work, social, academic, etc. ) for which you might expect interactions? An interaction is the variation among the differences between means for different levels of one factor over different levels of the other factor. (Easton & McColl, 2013) In statistics, an interaction may occur when considering the relationship among three or more variables. It describes a situation in which the simultaneous influence of two variables on a third is not additive. (PediaView. om, 2013) For example, an intra-operative vascular study on the use of gelfoam for topical hemostasis is being conducted. Half of the surgical patients received gelfoam with normal saline, and the other half received gelfoam with topical thrombin 5,000units/5cc of normal saline. All of the surgical patients received IV protamine to reverse the IV heparin. It was found that gelfoam with normal saline alone was effective, and gelfoam with topical thrombin alone was effective in reducing bleeding in the operative site (main effect of gelfoam and main effect of gelfoam and topical thrombin with IV protamine).Also, for those patients who didnt receive the thrombin, the gelfoam worked equally well (main effect of gelfoam) those who received gelfoam and normal saline got the benefits of both(prenominal) (main effect of gelfoam and main effe ct of IV protamine). However, it was found that those patients who receive gelfoam and topical thrombin got the benefits of both plus a bonus, an interaction effect (main effect of gelfoam with thrombin and the main effect of protamine plus an interaction effect). Reference Easton, V. , & McColl, J. (2013).Design of experiments & ANOVA. Retrieved March 25, 2013, from Statistics Glossary http//www. stats. gla. ac. uk/steps/glossary/anova. htmlintern PediaView. com. (2013). Interaction (Statistics). Retrieved March 25, 2013, from PediaView. com http//pediaview. com/openpedia/Interaction_(statistics) 5DQ1 What is an example in the world near you for which you would use a Chi-square analysis? 5DQ2 Now that you are familiar with the basic concepts of statistics, what are some examples of when you have seen or heard statistics used inappropriately?

CSR activities of Pepsico India and Amul India Essay

Corporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business/ Responsible lineage)1 is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Holmes and Watts (1999) defined CSR as the continuing commitment by business to deliver ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large.With Indian consumers becoming to a greater extent cause conscious, their brand preferences keep shifting to favor the brand that is socially more responsible. The phenomenon today creates a connection between the sales and the CSR. The trend suggests, the better the CSR policy, the more the sales. The trend affects most product categories that be bought on a daily basis, with consumers fashioning a purchase decision almost every day.This could be one of the major reasons why Indian FMCG companies are most actively engaged in responsible activities and rank on top in the latest Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) report on CSR by Indian corporate. The report says that of one hundred seventy-five Indian companies studied, 52 companies in the FMCG sector have taken the maximum of CSR initiatives. This was followed by the chemical sector and then the IT sector. 2 This paper highlights FMCGs Corporate affable Responsibilities in Pepsico India. and Amul India. Keywords CSRFMCG IntroductionCorporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business/ Responsible Business)1 is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. The parvenu Companies Bill in the Rajya Sabha on 8th August 2013, has guided in a new regulation towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) in India. The Bill, which should get enacted into law s oon, lays down mandatory requirements in regards to CSR for larger companies (those with at least Rs5Cr net gather/Rs500Cr net worth/Rs1,000Crturnover), which includes a requirement to spend annually at least 2% of average profits of the previous three years on CSR activities. An estimated 7-8,000 companies in India will be covered under the CSR legislation and the total annual spend, if companies were to meet this norm, could be equivalent to US$1-2bn. 3 With Indian consumers becoming more cause conscious, their brand preferences keep shifting to favor the brand that is socially more responsible.The phenomenon directly creates a connection between the sales and the CSR. Objectives 1. To study CSR activities of Pepsico India and Amul India. 2. To audition the benefits of CSR activities of these companies to the society. Research Methodology This research paper depends on secondary data. Review of Literature 1. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT CALCUTTA, WPS No. 729/ June 2013, Corpor ate Social office for Social Impact Approach to Measure Social Impact using CSR Impact Index by Ramendra Singh and Sharad Agarwal.This paper discuss the broad patterns of CSR practices among top cc Indian potentiometers and also explain the concept of CSR in the Indian scenario, the social issues addressed by the Indian corporations, and methodologies adopted by them to address those issues. 2. Afri dissolve diary of Basic & Applied Sciences 4 (3) 95-105, 2012, Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives of Major Companies of India with Focus on Health, Education and Environment by Anupam Sharma and Ravi Kiran This paper highlighted CSR initiatives in linguistic context to health, education and environment sector to be rated by the interviewee were identified from the literature.3. Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting, Vol. 3, No. 2 Dec 2009/Jan 2010, Pp 180-201, Corporate Social execution of Indian FMCG Companies by Saeed Khan. This paper highlights on various Indian c ompanies CSR ratings and actives. 4. School of Doctoral Studies (European Union) Journal 2010, Corporate Social Responsibility in Rural exploitation Sector Evidences From India by Sanjay Pradhan, Akhilesh Ranjan. This paper examine do the corporate consider rural people as a stakeholder? If so, what CSR initiatives taken for development of rural areas and how the corporates go through their CSR initiatives as a part of their business strategy? Finally it evaluates impacts of CSR actions on the socio-economic development of rural people. 5. Corporate Social Responsibility as a determining factor of merchandise strategic issues An exploratory study by Prof Vijaylaxmi Iyengar. the research focuses on the Corporate Social Responsibility as a determinant of market strategic issues , with the various dimensions of CSR and its relevance for emerging markets , it also throw light on redesigning marketing paradigms for the global competition.Business benefits of CSR The scale and nature of the benefits of CSR for an organization can vary depending on the nature of the enterprise, and are difficult to quantify, though there is a large body of literature exhorting business to adopt measures beyond monetary ones (e. g. , Demings Fourteen Points, balanced scorecards). Orlitzky, Schmidt, and Rynes24 found a correlation between social/environmental performance and financial performance. Businesses may not be looking at at short-run financial returns when developing their CSR strategy.Triple bottom line People planet profit, also known as the triple bottom line, are words that should be used and practiced in every move an organization makes. People relates to fair and beneficial business practices toward labour, the community and region where corporation conducts its business. Planet refers to sustainable environmental practices. A triple bottom line association does not produce harmful or destructive products much(prenominal) as weapons, toxic chemicals or batteries containing dangerous heavy metals for example.Profit is the economic value created by the organization after deducting the cost of all inputs, including the cost of the capital level(p) up. It therefore differs from traditional accounting definitions of profit. 2829 Human resources A CSR program can be an aid to recruitment and retention,30 CSR also helps to improve the perception of a company among its staff. CSR has been found to encourage customer orientation among frontline employees. 31 Risk management Reputations that take decades to build up can be ruined in hours through incidents such as corruption scandals or environmental accidents.32 Building a genuine culture of doing the right thing within a corporation can root these risks. 33 Brand differentiation CSR can play a role in building customer loyalty based on distinctive ethical values. 34 Business service organizations can benefit too from building a reputation for integrity and best practice. Developing an engagement plan Commit to coming up with and improving on your companies goals. CSR commitments communicate the nature and direction of the firms social and environmental activities and, will help others understand how the organization is likely to behave in a particular situation.License to operate By taking substantive voluntary steps, they can persuade governments and the wider public that they are taking issues such as health and safety, diversity, or the environment seriously as good corporate citizens with respect to labour standards and impacts on the environment. Supplier relations By establishing a strong supply chain, companies are able to push for continuous quality improvements, and price reductions. The long-term benefits of the relations create a better value for stakeholders.

Criminology Gender Blind

Is criminology gender-blind wowork force and offensive activity Brilly Amancio 04-10-2013 Criminal Justice 212 Criminology Prof Christopher Geraghty Brilly Amancio Is criminology gender-blind women and crime( by and against) Woman in Criminology has a truly big tack from back in the days till now. Before woman where not that involved in crime either if it was in the good side c ar being a cop, detective, lieutenant, or of it was in the bad side, as to being the one committing the crime. Criminology, as with all academic disciplines, was a male-dominated sphere.Men regarded the world through a very narrow lens, and the experiences of women rarely provoked serious interest. Back in the days woman where to a greater extent exchangeablely to stay home, cook, take care of kids and bet for their husbands to get home, not even work. Woman were not much socialized with society other than other woman and did not spend much cartridge holder in the streets as men did. Woman were not viewed as a big factor in society rather than the male which was the man working(a) to bring food home. There were not much activity for a woman to be forth in the streets much as too like sports and obs. Very few of them would practice one of those options. Where woman were mostly considered as as a criminal was with prostitution. This was the most popular crimes for woman since it was hard to fetch a woman or a young girl being in a gang since back in the days there was more discipline with kids and woman depended on their husbands. Men were more involved in crimes since they were in the streets more, hanging out with friends, playing sports or working since women were not really able to work much or just believes were much different back then. Most police officers, etectives, judges or anything involved with law enforcement were men. without delay a days everything is equal, there is as much woman involved in crimes and the law enforcement just like men. Ever since woman beca me more freelancer they have been more involved in crimes as such as stealing, murdered, kid napping and a ton of different other crimes. When woman first started getting more involved in crimes was more with an influence of men. Either a lover or close friends. Now they make their decisions to be involved in crimes by themselves just like men do. Accordin g to www. ukdissertation. om and this is their explination of why there are more woman in jail right now Carlen summarises the responses presumptuousness as thus (1) more women are committing violent crimes (2) more women who would not have previously gone to prison are going due to increase involvement with drugs (3)more black women are going to prison so racism may be the key or (4)prison is being used to incarcerate the resembling social categories for women that it always has the destitute, the most obviously gender deviant, and the mentally disturbed but the numbers of women presenting themselves in these categories av e increased with growing economic inequality (Carlen, 1998 51). other explanation is that women are becoming more violent, indeed the proportion of female prisoners under sentence for crimes of violence against the person was indeed (at 20 per cent) only dickens present less than the proportion of male prisoners. Fletcher (1975, in Carlen, 1998 52) supports this view It is undoubtedly the case that the level of convictions of violence against the person has increased among women. However, he also points out that, the female prison population has risen steeply whilst serious convictions have actually allen suggesting that this may be due to longer sentences being served. As testament be seen later, it is much more likely that it is the increase in more punitive sentencing for trivial crimes that is more likely to offer an explanation. Things have changed a lap over the last couple of years. But this does not mea that woman are punished just as the same as men are. According to Wikipedia men are more likel to become incarcerated then woman would and this is their their facts In the United States, men are much more likely to be incarcerated than women.Nearly 9 multiplication as many men (5,037,000) as women (581,000) had ever at one time been incarcerated in a State or Federal prison at year end 2001. However, women are the fastest-growing demographic group in prison. 1. In 2004,maleswere almost 10 times more likely thanfemalesto commitmurder, including rape-homicides. However, men are also far more likely than women to be the victims of violent crime, with the exception of rape. There my be a lot of explanations for this like men are more likely to be more aggressive than woman so they tend to get in more altercations and tend to act out of rage more than oman do. Young teenagers have become really popular in the juvenile strategy. The number of female teenagers has increased a lot in the juvenile system as to the number of female teenagers that are drop ping out of school or just kicked out for their irrational behavior. Still so male is the biggest crime predator in everyones eye, everyone is conscious of how the number of female criminal has increased men is still the number one target. I this unfair? Yes it is yes in a lot of cases woman are treated harshly but like like in every case that males do. Bibliography http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime http//www. routledge. com/books/details/9780415644174/ http//www. roxbury. net/womencrime. hypertext markup language http//www. law-essays-uk. com/resources/sample-essays/criminology/gender-and-crime. php http//books. google. com/books? id=r3IMdD2xZ8MC&pg=PA265&lpg=PA265&dq=Is+criminology+%22gender-blind%22++women+and+crime(+by+and+against)&source=bl&ots=AZphi3RxKq&sig=BaNiS4rUFnLVygUIWcLrQSjtWeI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BJNkUezPK87y0wGF74EQ&ved=0CG4Q6AEwCQv=onepage&q=Is%20criminology%20%22gender-blind%22%20%3A%20women%20and%20crime(%20by%20and%20against)&f=false

Proposal for assessing the UK’s

Over exclusively Objective The goal of this question proposal is to provide Tangent Comp some(prenominal) LLC an accurate, elaborated computer programme of the aggroups inquiry goals, methodology, and progress to ensure the project is in alignment with Tangents everywhereall expectations.The goal of the research itself is to provide Tangent the k without delayledge to fully clear peeing usage, management, issues, and perceptions in the fall in Kingdom for future business sessions. Our research provides all of the understandings to what Tangents expectations are regarding the objectives. Specific Aims The team provided a concise quantitative abridgment involving irrigate quality, precipitation, body of water system consumptions and usage in homes of the I-J market as well as an accurate qualitative examination of consumer perceptions and attitudes of water in the I-J.This research concentrate primarily on ho physical exertionholds with a decentralized water supply, but allowing examine the Auks overall infrastructure for water usage, treatment, and disposal. The Auks personifying problems with water supply, quality, disposal, and ending is understandably defined and the consumer perceptions of these problems are cogitationed. PROJECT SCOPE We accomplished most of the research goals we submit planned. The team employ secondary research methods to define water use and the disposal infrastructure in the ELK.The research was focused on individual residences, particularly looking at the market of the point of entry, point of use, and point of ravel in homes with decentralized water. Secondary research defined how water is supplied to residences. Information on existing problems with the Auks water supply, quality, espousal and sustainability funding is readily available and current. The team will contained teaching that is unavailable anywhere else. The primary research is the most important, as the team was able to talk to individuals and get be tter understanding of the overall perception from consumers.The one condition we were not unable to accomplish is primary research outside the greater London area. We were able to get good type in the city of London and other small cities around the area. The primary research was done using both surveys and interviews. We were able to get a colossal amount of people to complete he online surveys even before arrival in London by using an assigned student- partner from New packinghouse University as a distribution channel.In addition to distributing the surveys, he has been tasked with putting together a focus group with environmental majors at Bucks University and is gathering juvenile newspaper articles that involve water issues happening now. Since water is such a hot topic in the I-J, the team feels that we will get a sight of good information from interviewing the local residents and they will have a lot to say about it? SPECIFIC QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY RESEARCH The foll owing key of questions combines specific questions authentic by Tangent Company LLC and questions that had developed during the team meeting with Tangent in February.This list does not include specific questions developed specifically for the interview and surveys. O What is the water supply in the I-J? O What does the water supply infrastructure look like? 0 How old is the tube in the I-J? O How is water delivered to residences? O What percentage of the population uses a decentralized water supply? 0 How much of the water is centrally toughened? O How is the water supply and waste water collection funded? What is the size of the market for water softeners? Septic tanks? 0 How many homes use well water? What is the typical water use pattern in the I-J? O How does water use in the I-J differ from that of the United States? O What are the actual water supply problems? What are the perceived problems? DHOW long could the I-J survive a drought? O What are the actual water quality pr oblems? What are the perceived problems? Is the water high in iron? Does it require softeners? O What are the actual wastewater disposal problems? What are the perceived problems? 0 What percent of the water is wastewater? Is it influenced by surface water? O argon there water infrastructure funding problems? What are the prevailing consumer attitudes towards water supply, quality, disposal, and funding problems? 0 Are UK residences concerned about their water supply? O Where are the discrepancies between attitudes and reality? O What is the level of understanding and acceptance for water recycle? 0 What is the perceived value of water recycle to the end-user? O Is there competitive technology in the I-J? O What are some of the water industry associations in the I-J? O Who are the ejaculating bodies and what are the regulatory requirements for water in the I-J? 0 What are the water quality standards in the I-J?RESEARCH METHODS Information gathered was comprised of a combination pri mary and secondary research techniques that will conclude if Tangents water recycling units will be successful in the U. K market or not. By using both types of research methods, the final report has a good balance of qualitative and quantitative entropy. The secondary research covers the entire United Kingdom, whilst the primary research will ultimately be limited to the greater London area. essential search Methodology There are 2 incompatible types of primary research specific and exploratory.Exploratory is dealing more with open-ended research, like having unstructured interviews with small group of people. Specific research is precise and is used to cream the problem exploratory has identified, but specific is more expensive to conduct. In this case exploratory would be the better option considering the budget. Our primary research consisted of at random selected man-on-the-street interviews, online surveys, and in-depth interviews/focus groups. With the help of our Buck s tuned-partner, surveys were be distributed via email to his contacts prior to the teams departure.In-person interviews were the best method to gather qualitative data. Here is where we need to talk about our interviews and the names of the two men and their titles. Also here is were we need to add how many surveys were completed. The process for interviewing happened in person and residents will be randomly selected. Once we have all our questions and the format configured, the primary research was conducted. This happened at the beginning of the trip to give us an dead of how people feel about this problem to help go over the ideal target to gather more in-depth information about recycling waste water.Once we gathered all the data from the primary research, then the analysis plan was put together to help organize the data to find a conclusion about the proposal with recycling waste water. This helps with all the different sources that were used to gather the information that we need to present to the knob and gives them a clear view of the raw data to help determine whether their product will be successful and if it would make an impact on the water supply. Sources of Data Data was obtained by distributing surveys and holding interviews with industry experts.The survey was created in Qualities, a secure online survey software system. This system allowed us to effectively create, distribute, and analyze data collected. The survey was distributed via email to I-J residents. Collection and Assessment of Data Survey and interview questions was protested by tailfin people including Bucks partner The survey will be sent prior to departure to our partner at New Packinghouse University for distribution. The survey will withal be distributed to the teams current arsenal contacts in the UK with a request to forward to other residents in order to get a large sample no less than 100 completed surveys.In addition to email distribution, surveys will be physically con ducted by the team charm in London. Surveying a physique of people including, environmental experts to the average home owner to gather information about an array of perceptions from all ages, in screws, and education levels. The persons selected for the survey will receive a link via email to fill the questionnaire out over the internet. Once the survey is submitted, the results will be collected and processed by the Qualities software.In-depth interviews will be conducted face-to-face in London. The interviews are as yet in the process of being scheduled, but contact has been made with various organizations from research facilities to water companies. Professor Tony Allen- Department of geography at Kings College in London has already agreed to an interview and has emailed links to credible online sources for our secondary research. He is a member of The London Water question pigeonholing and is looking to gather a few more industry experts for the team to interview.The pla n is to speak to no less than 3 industry experts while in London. The interviews will last approximately 15-20 minutes and will consist of a combination of closed and open- ended questions. The interviews will be conducted by a single team member acting as the interviewer and asking the questions, another team member will take diligent notes, while another will moderate the interview by watching the clock and keeping interview on schedule, ensuring that we respect the interviewees time.Format for Final Results The final layout for our final primary research results is still to be determined. It will include a concise summary of survey results including graphic data. The data collected from the interviews will likewise be summarized, and the full interviews will be available in the appendix. It will be organized by participants who have decentralized water infrastructure and participants who have centralized water infrastructure. A bar graph will help present the differences between the different groups.Specific Questions The team has developed questions to ensure that Tangent will not be contacted for a sale as a result of our survey or interview. Key elements of the primary research include Demographic information, including age, gender, education, location proximity of residence from downtown London), household size, household type (flat, single-family home, etc. ), if they reside in an urban or rural location, and type of household water supply/disposal (centralized or decentralized).Behavior-based questions focusing on typical water usage and buying habits (bottled water, water conserving appliances, water softeners). Questions to determine the level of the publics understanding of water recycling and its reception How do you feel about What is your biggest concern regarding your household water? Scaled questions to determine the publics concern of the actual water problems derived from secondary research On a collection plate of 1-5, how concerned are you about the growing population in the UK with regards to the water supply? . The online survey consists of mainly closed-ended questions that are answered by multiple-choice or on a scale On a scale of 1-5 (1 being not concerned-5 being extremely concerned) how concerned are you about the droughts happening all over the U. K? Other questions will determine if the consumer is a part of the target market Do you have a septic tank? Yes/No, If they aim yes, it will lead to a implementers question. If no is chosen, another question will follow.More open- ended questions to gauge customer knowledge and attitudes about current issues and water recycling technologies will be used during face-to-face interviews. Would you drink recyclable water, why or why not? See appendices for complete list of questions. Primary Research Results Talk about all our surveys, the questions, and answers. Analyze, perceptions Secondary Research Methodology The majority of the research conducted will cons ist of secondary research methods by gathering information from various credible sources to answer the specific questions outlined by the client.Most of this research will be conducted prior to the teams departure, this will ensure the team is educated on the topics upfront and will assist with developing and modifying specific questions conducted during the primary research in London. Some secondary research will be conducted while abroad, fetching advantage of the opportunity to gather information from Loons libraries that cannot be obtained elsewhere. It is expected that some level of secondary research will need to be done upon produce back to the United States to tie up loose ends for the final report.Sources of Data The research databases provided by Cleveland State University library allows students free access to full text edition scholarly Journals, articles, trade magazines, newspapers, and other sources of credible information. The online research databases used includ e Water Resources Abstracts and an array of databases provided by Obscenest including Academic Search Complete, Environment Complete, Newspaper Source, and knowledge Direct. The web is also a good source to use to gather secondary research. There are many reliable sources of current information on all aspects of water in the I-J.Many are hosted by the water companies and water-governing bodies. Professor Adams recommends using www. Afoot. Gob. UK/ The Water Services Regulation Authority website, www. Water. Org. UK/ for a wealth of data on all aspects of water use, and www. Environment-agency. Gob. UK/ for its page on water demand management. And sewerage sectors in England and Wales, Water I-J represents all major UK water and wastewater go suppliers at national and European level, and Water Demand Management (WAD) considers national and international water resources, demand management and water conservation.We work closely with the Government, water companies, regulators, univer sities, academics and trade bodies on all national and international water demand management issues. Looking up different water companies in the U. K and decision statistics regarding water recycling helps determine the target audience. The website, Wastewater Treatment and Recycling, is a credible source from the U. K explaining the different treatments that are currently being used. It discusses the recycling of residual sludge and how it has an impact with their water supply. This information will help give the team insight with what the U.K is doing with this situation. So far, the U. K does not have any product on the market that can recycle water and is mainly focused on households while having the cleanest and safest water possible eliminating all chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Information from this website also helps with our primary research and how we should organize our interviews, surveys, and potential focus groups. While in London, the team will also have access to the British Library and the city Business Library of London. These libraries contain information that cannot be obtained anywhere else in the world.The secondary research performed here could provide vital information to give the client a competitive advantage. The team intends to spend at least one full day conducting research at these libraries. The team will also have access to the library at New Packinghouse University, which may also prove to be a useful source of information. Specific Questions Secondary research provided general information on the Auks overall water usage and disposal infrastructure by answering questions such as Where does the water supply come from? How is it delivered to the home? How old is the centralized infrastructure?How is wastewater collected, treated, and disposed of? How many households use decentralized water in the I-J, in the London area? What problems exist regarding water supply, quality, sustainable funding, and wastewater disposal? Who are th e governing bodies and regulatory agencies that oversee the Auks water? What is the typical household water use pattern in the I-J, and how does it compare with the US? What is the market for POE, POP, and POD technology? Secondary research Results Here can insert quotes from the secondary research findings Conclusions and Recommendations , Summary of our resultsStrengths Secondary research objectives are easily obtainable through online databases and the web. The information is current. Ability to gather a large sample population for the online survey ascribable to our Bucks student-partner and the teams established face-to-face contacts in the I-J. The team has the opportunity to use the British Library and the City Business Library of London. Water problems are a big issue now both globally and in the I-J, so the timing for this project is excellent. The team has a strong understanding of the clients expectations for the final project.Willingness of members of the London Water Research Group to participate in our in- depth interviews and assist in providing contacts for the online survey distribution. Limitations Amount of time for primary research in London is limited. The team will be located in an area with centralized water supply and will have to travel to find a significant sample of target audience. Primary research will only be conducted in the London area. Emailed surveys are easily ignored, forgotten, or deleted. The accuracy of responses of the online survey can be questionable due to the fact the artificial is not being monitored.

Investement

This case was prepargond by Boris Morozov and Rebecca J. Morris both from the University of Nebraska at Omaha. The views presented here atomic act 18 those ofthe case authors and do not necessarily reflect the views ofthe community for Case Research. The authors views are based on their own professional judgments. Copyright 2009 by the Society for Case Research and the authors. No part of this work whitethorn be reproduced or apply in any form or by any means without the written permission ofthe Society for Case ResearchOn June 1, 2006, the crime syndicate lights dimmed at the Wall Street Journals All Things Digital conference. On the large screens fianking the constitute, a film called the Winds of Change started. In the film, a dignified rusty spokesman standing in front of sentimental images of puppies, babies, balloons and birthday parties began talking about the golden days at Kodak the days of the Kodak issue in photography. Signaling a shift in the t integrity of the film, the spokesman looked straight into the television tv camera and said, Gets ya misty, doesnt it?Yep, they shoveled on the schmaltz pretty thick besides that kinda crap doesnt work any to a greater extent than. Now pot wanted everything to be digital, the speaker stressed, becoming more frenzied as he spoke about digital photography and Kodaks role in it. The screening audience chortled when the speaker int one(a)d. You thought they (Kodak) were just hiding out waiting for this digital thing to b clinical debaseion over didnt you? Oh, sure. For a while they were like, Ohhh, theres no elbow room digitals vent to catch on.. .But now Kodaks backWith swelling enthusiasm, the spokesman extolled Kodaks research and development in digital photography, ending by pulling at his hair and exclaiming, You were a Kodak moment once and by God, youll be one again only this time its digital. Whooo-yeah The spokesman appeared virtuallywhat startled by his own outburst and sheepishly wal ked off stage as the film ended and the lights came up. Wall Street Journal columnist, Kara Swisher then welcomed Kodak CEO, Antonio Perez to the stage to the audiences vigorous applause and cheers. Paul Simons song, Kodachrome played as Perez took the stage.Swisher began her interview saying, That was a really funny movie. I liked that film Her outgrowth question, however, was not so approving. What happened, she asked as Perez settled into his chair, What from your perspective happened at Kodakbecause it was one ofthe greatest brands in history? SCR BUSINESS CASE diary Perez responded without hesitation, saying First of all there was this notion that came out of incredible achiever. The notion was that whitethornbe if Kodak doesnt move into digitalthe imaging world will never move into digital. .. They (Kodak) were running a business with gross margins between 60-70% and those things are hard to permit go, especially when you are confronting a business model that is exit t o give you, if you are lucky, something around 30%. So that means that you have to flip the whole full(prenominal) society. From the way you design, to the way you manufacture, to the way you distribute, you know.. .the whole thing. It is very tough. So Kodak is very late to the digital space. But Kodak was not late in investing in digital. Kodak was very rich.Kodak hire very good people and those people were actually doing the right things. In the last fifteen eld, Kodak developed one ofthe more or less impressive IP (intellectual property) portfblios-in digital capture, image processing, pixel engine room and all sorts of things color anxiety, you adduce itactually a leader in all of those spaces. Now, why didnt they commercialize that? I dont know. 22 Referencing Kodaks transition from tralatitious photography to digital, S wisher asked, So, how did you get the film people outbecause its a film company? Perez described his approach saying.Basically, the model that I u sed when I visited the factories was looking at the audience and say, How many of you have a digital camera? At that time it was about 60%, and I would say, well, you are the problem we have. We either move to digitalwe either do this transformation effectivelyor this company basically will cease to exist. thither is nothing else. There is no time to argue about it. This is over. We are already very late but we do have the tools that we need to obtain this happen. * Eight months after the All Things Digital Conference, Kodak held its one-year strategy meeting in New York City.Antonio Perez proclaimed that Kodak had successfully completed a intravenous feeding-year, $3. 4 one thousand one thousand thousand transformation and was poised for growth over the next four eld (20082011). Investors, however, did not apportion Perezs view ofthe firm. Kodaks treat price fell to a 30-year low following the strategy meeting amid skepticism about Kodaks future strategy. Pointing out that regulation had surpassed Kodak in sales of digital cameras and that Kodaks Easy partake in Gallery faced tough contestation from services like Shutterfiy and Snapfish, analysts wondered whether Kodak had turned the corner. other(a) investors argued that the Kodak brand still had appeal for consumers and that the companys transformation would take time. Speculation about a possible breakup of the company or mergers with other technology companies appeared in the financial press. Had Kodak successfully adapted to the challenges ofthe digital space? Were there other strategies that Kodak should pursue? SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 23 Kodaks Digital Strategy in 2003 Any evaluation of Kodaks transformation needed to begin with a review of Kodaks history in digital photography.Despite employing the machinate who invented the first digital camera (patented in 1978) and holding more than 1,000 digital-imaging patents, Kodak did not introduce a digital camera to consumers until 2001. Koda ks moves paralleled those at many companies whose comfortable business models were threatened by rapid changes in information technology. When asked whether Kodak had moved into digital photography soon enough, then Kodak CEO Daniel Carp replied, I saw my first digital camera inside Kodak in 1982. Today, were arguably one ofthe aggrandizement three providers of digital cameras in the U. S.So, we did the right thing. At the same time, we shouldnt have walked outdoor(a) from the historical film businesses before they turned down, because it would have destroyed value. Under slumping economical and competitive market conditions, Kodak faced tough pressure from its existing competitors as well as from saucy rivals in the area of digital photographya $385 billion industry composed of devices (digital cameras and personalized data assistants PDAs), infrastructure (online networks and pitch systems for images), services and media (software, film and write up) enabling people to acc ess, analyze and print images.Even though Kodak had invested $4 billion into digital research and related technologies since the early 1990s and spent many years perfecting its digital cameras, Kodaks status as an iconic brand was threatened by the scientific shift away from its cash-cow business of conventional film and film processing. In July 2003, Kodak reported fiat sales and a 60 percent drop in flake-quarter profits. Since January 1, 2000, when Carp took over as chief exe dealive of Kodak, the companys receiptss and net income had declined, its shares had dropped by 66%, and Standard & Poors (S&P) had cut Kodaks credit rating by five grades. Kodak had reduced its workforce by 49% since 1989, cutting 7,300 employees in 2002 alone. Plans were announced to fade up to 6,000 jobs in 2003 to stem future losses, cutting Kodaks traditional photography divisions in Rochester, New York to fewer workers than the firm had employed during the Great Depression. Kodaks balance sheet s for 2000 to 2007 are presented in shelve 1. Income statements for the same period are presented in tabularise 2.When announcing the current rounds of workforce reductions in July 2003, Carp expressed his perspective on Kodaks challenges saying, I opine were at the point where we have to get on with reality. The consumer traditional business is going to begin a slow decline, though its not going to fall off a cliff. Kodak found itself saddled with assets and employees that were no longer relevant in the world of digital photography. Traditional photography involved factories where film, paper and other silver-halide chemical-based products were made by thousands of chemical technicians, film process technicians and color pressman operators.In digital photography, images captured by electronic sensors could be displayed, printed, stored, manipulated, transmitted, and archived using digital and reckoner techniques, without chemical processing. Kodak recognized that digital phot ography would require different types of employees and began hiring slide by executives away from computer printer companies, such as Lexmark and Hewlett-Packard. These employees brou? it needed expertise in consvuner electronics and software development. * Kodak also began closing traditional fihn processing facilities and laying off workers. SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 24Table 1 Kodaks Annual Balance Sheet 2000-2006 (In Millions 2006 ASSETS hard currency & Equivalents Net Receivables Inventories some other watercourse Assets Total Current Assets Gross Plant, Property & Equipment Accumulated Depreciation Net Plant, Property & Equipment Investments at Equity Other Investments Intangibles Deferred Charges Other Assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES Long Term Debt Due In bingle Year Notes Payable Accounts Payable Taxes Payable Accrued Expenses Other Current Liabilities Total Current Liabilities Long Term Debt Deferred Taxes Minority Interest Other Liabilities TOTAL LIABELmES EQUITY Prefe rred Stock frequent Stock Capital Surplus Retained kale Less Treasury Stock TOTAL EQUITY TOTAL LIABILTTIES & EQUITY 1,487 2,669 1,202 199 5,557 10,372 7,530 2,842 36 420 2,869 1,599 997 14,320 17 47 1,003 764 1,735 1,405 4,971 2,714 1 21 5,225 2005 1,680 2,760 1,140 201 5,781 11,379 7,601 3,778 40 363 2,941 1,144 874 14,921 706 113 996 467 1,958 1,249 5,489 2,764 33 20 4,648 2004 1,258 2,544 1,158 688 5,648 12,694 8,182 4,512 532 188 1,924 1,203 730 14,737 400 69 868 2003 1,261 2,389 1,075 730 5,455 13,277 8,183 5,094 426 310 1,678 1,147 708 14,818 457 489 834 654 1,696 1,177 5,307 2,302 81 45 3,819 2002 578 2,234 1,062 660 4,534 13,288 7,868 5,420 382 53 981 972 1,027 13,369 387 1,055 720 584 1,739 892 5,377 1,164 52 70 3,929 2001 451 2,337 1,137 758 4,683 12,982 7,323 5,659 360 85 948 482 1,145 13,362 156 1,378 674 544 1,635 967 5,354 1,666 81 84 3,283 2000 51 2,653 1,718 869 5,491 12,963 7,044 5,919 0 0 947 0 1,855 14,212 one hundred fifty 2,056 817 572 1,358 1,262 6,215 1,166 61 93 3,249 581 1,989 1,083 4,990 1,852 67 25 3,992 12,932 12,954 10,926 11,554 10,592 10,468 10,784 0 978 881 5,332 5,803 1,388 14,320 0 978 867 5,935 5,813 1,967 14,921 0 978 845 7,832 5,844 3,811 14,737 0 978 842 5,852 3,264 14,818 0 978 849 6,840 5,890 1,111 13,369 0 978 849 6,834 5,161 2,894 13,362 0 978 871 7,387 5,808 3,428 14,212 SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL Table 2 Kodaks Annual Income Statement 2000-2006 (In Millions 2006 2005 14,268 8,783 2004 13,517 8,311 2003 13,317 8,102 2002 12,835 7,391 2001 13,234 7,749 25 2000 13,994 7,105Sales Cost of Goods Sold Gross sugar SeUing, General, & Administrative Expense Operating Income Before Deprec. Depreciation, Depletion, & Amortization Operating Profit Interest Expense Non-Operating Income/Expense Special Items Pretax Income Total Income Taxes Minority Interest Income Before Extraordinary Items & Discontinued Operations Preferred Dividends Adjusted Available for Common Extraordinary Items Discontinued Operations Adjusted Net Incom e 13,274 8,278 4,996 3,101 1,895 1,331 564 262 86 -727 -339 254 7 5,485 3,485 2,000 1,406 594 211 49 -1,194 -762 689 4 5,206 3,340 5,215 3,339 5,444 3,260 2,184 818 1,366 173 -66 -164 963 153 17 5,485 3,333 2,152 919 1,233 219 -26 -891 97 32 -11 6,889 3,747 3,142 889 2,253 178 96 -39 2,132 725 0 ,866 1,031 835 168 62 -821 -92 -175 2 1,876 858 1,018 148 -23 -651 196 -66 24 -600 0 -600 0 1 -601 -1,455 0 -1,455 -57 150 -1,362 81 0 81 0 475 556 238 0 238 0 27 265 793 0 793 0 -23 770 76 0 76 0 0 76 1,407 0 1,407 0 0 1,407 SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 26 The spank by consumers to digital photography was coming much faster than expected and Kodaks traditional film, papers and photofinishing businesses were declining. By the end of 2003, analysts expected that digital cameras would begin to outsell film cameras for the first time in the United States. The digital photography industry was fast-paced and more crowded, offering razor thin profit margins.In kinsfolk 2003, Kodak aimounced an aggr essive four-year plan to transform the company into a digital photography firm, replacing decliniag revenues and profits in the traditional fihn share with growing digital revenues and profits. line of merchandise cuts and plant closures were prominent aspects of the firms restructuring plans. Kodak armounced digital and film imaging strategy focused on four components (1) Manage the traditional film business for cash and manufacturing share leadership (2) Lead in distributed output (3) Grow the digital capture business, and (4) Expand digital imaging services. The traditional film business would be managed through with(predicate) organizational consolidation, cost reduction and reductions in both advertising spending and the crook of unique products.Kodak hoped to expand its leadership in emerging markets, such as China and Russia, anticipating strong growth in these two markets for traditional fihn products. Distributed output referred to the market for printed photos. Kodak plarmed to dominate all channels for printed photosretail (minilabs and kiosks), home (printer docks and photo papers) and online make of photos (Kodaks Ofoto site). The digital capture component of the plan addressed digital cameras and Kodaks plans to become the industry standard for ease of use and to achieve top three ecumenic market share by 2006. Last, Kodak planned to expand services both online (photo album sharing) and in spry markets (sharing and printing of photos captured with mobile peals).By the end of trading on the day ofthe digital strategy announcement, Kodaks stock fell to an 18-year low. Institutional investors criticized Kodaks announced strategy, expressing annoyance at the companys intention to invest in inkjet printing, a business dominated by Hewlett Packard. Investment analyst. Shannon Cross, expressed the concerns of many investors saying, There are so many questions with regard to Kodaks future strategy the track record weve seen out of management i n enclosures of being able to hit targets and implement a strategy has been pretty spotty. The Years 2003-2007 Although shareholders and numerous investment analysts openly criticized the strategy, Kodak began implementing the new digital vision for the company.Since 2003, Kodak had pared costs through layoffs and plant closings in the traditional film division, sold off underperforming business units and change magnitude its research and development investment in ink-jet printers. More than one hundred buildings in Kodak Park in Rochester, New York that had formerly housed thousands of employees had been razed, imploded, or sold by 2007. From the companys peak in 1988, Kodak had cut 115,000 employees through divestitures, plant closings, and layoffs. Kodak expected to end 2007 with only 30,000 employees. Although job cuts would eventually represent cost reductions and improvements to the firms bottom line, restructuring costs since 2003 were estimated to append $3. 8 billion. Investment analysts believed that the high costs of Kodaks shift to a digital strategy would be worth the price if the company was successful at growing profits from its digital products. Other analysts were unconvinced, saying We are increasingly skeptical that EK (Kodak) can efficiently generate SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 27 digital revenue growth and we think additional plant closings, job cuts and development costs will continue depressing roots. * Some analysts worried that the continual charges against earnings and mounting debt might surrender Kodak strapped for important funds for research and development. Competitive pressures in digital photography made innovation important but raised concems for some analysts. Kodak lost their john touch.There are way too many people producing similar technology better, one analyst said. The important events in Kodaks history since 2003 are shown as Table 3. Leadership of Kodak also was in transition during this period. In May 2005 , Antonio M. Perez replaced Daniel Carp as Chief Executive Officer of Kodak. Perez had come to Kodak in 2003 after workings 25 years for Kodaks competitor, Hewlett-Packard. Perez brought his extensive expertise in digital imaging technologies to Kodak and quickly became the leader of Kodaks digital transformation. Perez had been instrumental in formulating Kodaks restructuring strategy as he was Kodaks President and Chief Operating Officer in 2003. Despite the ongoing criticism of investment analysts, Perez remained optimistic about Kodaks prospects saying. We said in 2003 that it would take us four years to transform this company. The first two years were loaded with restructuring costs, and the analysts are reacting to that. My response is Well, hello, we are following our plan. We said wed grow digital revenue and profits, and generate a healthy amount of cash, and we are doing all SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL Table 3 Key Events for Kodak 2003-2007 28 Date January 26, 2005 Febru ary 2,2005 walk 2005 May 11,2005 January 5,2006* January 12, 2006 January 30,2006 March 2006 August 1,2006* January 10,2007 February 1,2007 April 26,2007 May 2007* May 14, 2007Event Kodaks digital revenue rose 40% in the fourth quarter of 2004, more than offsetting a 16% decline in revenue for traditional film products. Kodak announced that for the first time, Kodak held the leading market share for digital cameras in the United States with 21. 9% share. Kodak changed the name of Ofoto, the online photo-sharing and printing site they had acquired, to Kodak EasyShare Gallery. Antonio M. Perez was announced as the next CEO of Kodak. Perez took over on June 1, 2005. Former Kodak CEO, Daniel Carp retired at age 57. Kodak announced a 10-year confederacy with Motorola to develop mobile camera phones with Kodak sensors. Nikon stopped making most of its traditional film cameras.Kodaks digital revenues for 2005 exceeded revenues from traditional film for the first time. Digital revenues we re 54% of total sales. Konica Minolta announced that it was exiting the photography industry. Some ofthe firms photography assets were sold to Sony. Kodak announced that it would outsource the production of all digital cameras to Flextronics, a leading electronics manufacturing services provider headquartered in Singapore. Kodak announced the sale of the health care imaging division to ONEX for $2. 35 billion. Half of the proceeds were to be used for debt reduction. The sale of the division resulted in a decrease of 8,100 employees for Kodak.Kodak announced the first quarterly profit in eight quarters. Revenues for digital photography products had declined by 13%. Kodak announced a union with BestBuy to force the BestBuy Photo Center. The center provided Kodaks EasyShare Gallery to BestBuy online consumers. The partnership would also provide for display of Kodak Gallerys photo gifts (mugs, purses, etc. ) in BestBuy stores. BestBuy would also offer pre-paid cards for prints and gif ts. Kodaks digital consumer assembly sales (cameras, printers and retail printing) fell 14% due to Kodaks decision to stop offering low-end digital cameras and an industry-wide decline in printing snapshots.Kodak announced a partnership with Target to produce a co-branded site that permitted consumers to order photo prints online and pick them up in Target stores. The partnership also provided for display of Kodak Gallerys photo gifts in Target stores and for pre-paid photo cards. SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 29 One ofthe important changes championed by Perez was Kodaks new business model in inkjet printers. Kodak was upending the traditional business model in inkjet printers. Instead of pricing the printer devices low and making profits on high-priced ink cartridges, Kodak planned to sell higher-priced printers that used importantly less expensive printer cartridges. For example, Kodaks new line of all-in-one printers was priced at $149-$299, at least $50 more than comparable models. * The cost ofthe Kodak printer cartridges was significantly less, however, running $10 for black ink and $15 for the color cartridge. * The Kodak printers were expected to save consumers 50% over the smelltime ofthe printer due to the cheaper printer cartridges. * Although some analysts reacted positively to the new pricing model, others were doubtfiil saying. They (Kodak) are not fools, they are going after the sweet spot ofthe market, the people who print a huge number of photos at home, but they are up against big companies that can give a haircut to their own prices if they * There was also some skepticism that consumers would pay more initially in order to save money over the lifetime of the product.A market research analyst described the consumers perspective saying, When it comes to printers, consumers look for the features they want, and then stimulate the least expensive device that offers them. It is only later that they get sticker shock, when theyre spending $50 for ink. For its part, HP had adopted a wait-and-see posture regarding Kodaks new printer pricing model. If Kodaks printers gained share, HP was prepared to respond. Kodak is going into a gunfight with a knife, responded Nils Madsen, marketing director for HP inkjets. * Kodak predicted that it would take at least three years for the new printers to be profitable. * Despite reporting a narrower first-quarter net loss in 2007, Kodaks financial results were continuing to show signs of stress.Sales of Kodaks digital camera group (including digital cameras, printers and retail printing) fell 14% during the first quarter of 2007. Traditional film revenues declined 13% over the previous year. Kodak was losing less money, however, investors were expecting more. Kodak needs not only to restructure, but to change its business. Thats a bigger project. They dont have an overnight fix, said one investment fund manager. Sacrificing current earnings to focus on long term success was a gutsy decisi on and members of the investment community wondered whether Kodaks executives had the fortitude to continue to pursue it and whether tiie path Perez had outlined for the company was indeed the right path. One investment manager siunmarized his perspective saying.That company (Kodak) used to be my favorite example of an old-tech company behind the eight ball. Kodak has crossed the Rubicon and gotten past denial. It may be struggling to figure out which road to take, but finally the company understands that the one it was on was getting it nowhere. You know what happens if you sit back and let history happen to you, so youve got to take a shot, and thats what theyre Kodak also had to consider its strategies in light of changes within the digital photography industry. Much had happened since the launch of Kodaks digital strategy in 2003. Important trends include rapidly improving technologies, developments in the quality and use of SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 30 amera-enabled mobile ph ones, maturing hire in the United States, rapid adoption of digital photography in foreign markets, and increasing competitive challenges. Improved Technologies and a Shorter Product Life hertz Like most technologies, the market for digital photography continued to rapidly change. Technological innovations improved the resolution of digital cameras (increased the mega pixels captured and thus improved the quality ofthe photos when enlarged). Improvements in optical and electronic technologies and subsequent reductions in production costs resulted in the introduction of higher margin, digital single-lens inborn reflex (SLR) cameras into the market.These cameras featured interchangeable lenses and appealed to consumers buying their second digital camera and to photography enthusiasts who could utilize the traditional camera lenses they already owned on the new SLR digital camera bodies. Many digital SLR models offered significantly better image quality than point-and-shoot digital cameras due to their use of larger imaging chips. Industry insiders expected strong growth in the digital SLR segment of the market as consumers looked for more capabilities and flexibility in their digital cameras. Canon, Nikon, Sony and Panasonic dominated the market for low-cost digital SLRs in 2007. Camera makers found the product life cycle of the digital era to be markedly different than the rather stable product life cycle of traditional photography.For example, the Nikon topof-the-line F-series of fllm cameras had been redesigned only six time over ahnost 50 years of production. By 2006, new features-laden digital camera models were introduced every few months rather than years apart. Makoto Kimura, president of Nikon imagery summed up the change saying, In the past, as a camera maker we were able to take it easy, watch what was happening. Now, weve had to revitalize ourself Industry analysts believed that the faster product life cycle and the demands for technological i nnovations prefer consumer electronics companies rather than traditional camera makersin manufacturing and in distribution.Electronics companies such as Sony possessed the ability to design and manufacture many of the components integral to digital cameras whereas traditional photography companies such as Kodak lacked these capabilities and had to purchase components ftom other electronic companies. Distribution of cameras also shifted with the digital age in a way that favored consumer electronics companies. Consumers were increasingly purchasing even relatively expensive digital cameras at electronics chains such as Best Buy, Staples, and Circuit City rather than at smaller specialty photography shops. Consumer electronics companies already understood the inventory and logistics demands of the national chains, while traditional photography companies struggled to gain valuable shelf space. As one researcher put it, A new wave of technology has given the newcomers the upper hand.F or the consumer electronics companies, digital photography has been all upside, while the photo industry was stuck in a slow evolution stage. Gains in Mobile Phone Camera Quality and Usage Technological improvements in the resolution of photos captured on mobile phones had increased significantly. In 2006, Nokia offered a mobile phone model with Wi-Fi capabilities and an coordinated three-mega pixel camera. Other mobile phone manufacturers offered phones with an integrated two-mega pixel camera. Consumers increasingly expected that their mobile SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 31 phones would contain an integrated camera. Approximately 30 million U. S. obile phone owners used their phones to capture images in 2005, an increase of one hundred eighty% over the previous year. By 2009, nearlv 70% of mobile phones were expected to contain cameras with multimega pixel resolutions. Analysts further expected that the improved resolution ofthe integrated cameras in most mobile phones would decr ease the demand for disposable traditional film cameras and could have a negative impact on low-end stand-alone digital cameras. Because consumers carried their mobile phones with them constantly, the integrated cameras provided a convenient way to capture images during their daily activities as well as at special events, such as concerts and parties.Improvements in mobile phone cormections to wireless networks also made it easy for users to upload and share images with friends and family. Figure 1 depicts the increase in digital image captured using mobile phones. 62 Figure Digital Images Captured Worldwide, 2002-2009 50OT c 400 D Camera phone images captured 9 Digital camera images captured 2002 2003 2004 2005 2K6 2007 2008 2009 Source Lyra Researcti, lrc. , Consumer Imaging Intelligence, Second-Half 2005 Forecast Maturing U. S. Demand In 2006, signs indicated that the digital camera market was maturing. After growing by almost 670% from 2000-2005, unit sales of digital cameras were slowing with an increase of only 26% forecasted for 2009. Prices of digital cameras were also declining, making profitability more difficult for makers of low-end cameras.For example, digital cameras with less than 4 mega pixels of resolution dropped in price by 40% in 2006. In contrast, higher-end digital SLRs tended to maintain the same price points, adding value for consumers by packing each successive model with even more features. There was a glimmer of hope for some growth in the digital photography industry as some analysts believed that U. S. consumers were upgrading their digital cameras more oftentimes than had been previously expected. The replacement rate was estimated at every two SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 32 to three years rather than every four years as initially predicted. However, demand was expected to decline in 2007 and beyond as many consumers had completed their upgrade cycle and fewer new consumers were entering the market. An expected slowdown in the U. S. economy further contributed to a slowdown in demand for digital cameras.Higher interest rates were beginning to depress consumer spending in 2005 as the percentage of disposable income that U. S. households paid for their mortgages and consumer debt was increasing. Growth Possibilities Abroad Digital camera sales were expected to slow down in North America in 2007, but remained strong in Europe and Japan. Emerging markets were also expected to provide growing demand as camera prices fell. In 2007, digital cameras were in strong demand in Central and Eastem Europe. Unit sales of digital cameras showed substantial increases in Russia (up 30%), Ukraine (up 70%), Poland (up 15%), Hungary (up 18%), and the Czech Republic (up 7. 7%) over 2005 sales. Although more cameras were purchased, sales revenues actually declined as a result of declining prices due to technology advances and competitive pressures.The top three vendors in the region in 2006 were Canon, Sony and Olympus (in o rder of share). Analysts expected continued sales growth in the region but noted that demand for digital cameras had matured in the Czech Republic. China was seen as a market with enormous potential for digital camera sales due to improving economic conditions and Chinas more open posture to the rest ofthe world as the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing approached. Sales were expected to grow from approximately 3 million units in 2004 to between 6. 5 and 10 million units in 2008. Growth in Chinese disposable income in the major industrialized cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou had created a market of 400 million potential guests for products such as digital cameras. Interest in photography was keen among Chinese consumers as more Chinese began traveling foreign and wished to bring home photos from their trips. The World Tourism Organization predicted that approximately 100 million Chinese would travel abroad in the year 2020 (an increase of 500% over 2003 figures). Digi tal camera sales to consumers outside urban areas in China were expected to be slower. subvert disposable income and need for higher priority items like household appliances caused unsophisticated Chinese consumers to delay their purchase of digital cameras. * Furthermore, distribution channels in rural areas were not well developed. No major electronics chain equivalent to Best Buy or Circuit City existed outside the major Contrary to forward industry predictions, Chinese consumers did not buy traditional film cameras as their purchasing power increased, but preferred to leapfrog the older technologies to buy the latest digital camera models. Sales of traditional film cameras and film canisters declined much more rapidly in China than had been anticipated leaving companies that had depended on selling these products at risk of being jumped over by the newer technologies such as digital cameras and camera-phones. By 2006, more Chinese consumers owned cameraphones than digital cameras. *SCR Battling for Market Share BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 33 The disruptive technology of digital photography had proved challenging for many traditional camera makers. In 2006, Konica Minolta announced that it would withdraw completely from the photography industrydespite being the trio-largest producer of traditional photo film. Nikon announced plans to gradually halt production of five models of traditional film cameras, leaving only two film cameras in its product portfolio. * Other traditional camera companies, such as Canon, thrived in the new digital world. Canon had become the world leader in digital cameras with an ahnost 19% share in Consumers were offered more choices in the digital camera marketplace as companies in the consumer electronics industry began offering digital cameras. Notable examples included Samsung, a consumer electronics company with a strong position in the camera-phones segment and Hewlett Packard with strongholds in printers and personal compu ters.Consumer electronics companies were formidable entrants into the digital photography industry due to their strong brand awareness with consumers, established distribution channels and experience with many of the technologies involved in creating digital cameras. The competitive position of the companies in the digital camera industry rose and fell as consumers demanded more features, improved technologies and lower prices. The U. S. market shares of the top ten digital camera makers are shown as Table 4. Analysts believed that the strong gains shown by Canon and Nikon from 2005-2006 were due to their introduction of lowcost digital single lens reflex cameras (SLRs). Worldwide, Canon led in digital camera sales with a 18. % share in 2006. * Sony followed with a 15. 8 percent share while Kodak was third at 10%. ** Both Canon and Sony benefitted from consumer interest in single-lens reflex models as well as growing demand in emerging markets. Sonys share ofthe global market incre ased as a result of its purchase ofthe digital single-lens reflex division of Konica Minolta in 2006. In the digital SLR segment ofthe industry. Canon held 46. 7% share in 2006, followed by Nikon in second with 33% share and Sony at third with 6. 2% o H a m en Olympus Samsung Fujifilm Panasonic Casio (N 068, 500 940, 800 867, 000 045, 700 185, 856, 500 496, 400 444, 700 046, 300 955,000 inChange Change From Shipments Market From Previous Previous Share Year Year 21% 000 000 18% 39% 780 000 17% 10% -31% 050 000 25% 44% 31% 326 400 68% 130. 600 18% -5% 964, 800 -15% 120% 680,500 N/A -19% 1,780,600 199% 350,000 N/A 136% 405,000 N/A Shipments m 587 600 330 000 880 000 381 600 804 900 317 400 N/A 1,782,600 N/A N/A V/N es H a 2 Ho 2006 2005 2004 Shipments Market Share Market Share cn 00 Canon Sony Kodak Nikon 00 20% 17% 16% 10% cn o o cn ( N g E g o 19. 4% 21. 9% 6. 2% 8. 1% 10. 4% N/A 8. 0% N/A SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 35 In segmented market share, signincant differences were evi dent in the purchasing drutherss of male versus female consumers.Men seemed to prefer Canon while women preferred Kodak. * Analysts attributed the gender difference to womens preference for simplicity and desire for high-quality prints that could be shared with family and friends. Kodak met these needs for women with their point-and-shoot camera models and the EasyShare docking station. Men preferred the SLR models offered by Canon while Kodak was their fourth most commonplace choice behind Sony and Olympus. Gender differences were also observed in what users did with their digital photos. Women believed digital prints were more important than men (63% versus 53%). Women printed approximately 35% ofthe digital photos they took while men printed only 25%. Men took the picture and put it in the computer. But then it was like a roach motel for pictures. They never got out, one industry insider reported. Although digital camera makers recognized gender differences in purchasing an d usage behaviors, care was taken to address the needs and preferences of both men and women when conception and marketing photography products. For example. Canon utilized Russian tennis star Maria Sharapova in television advertising because she appealed to both men and women. by exemplar data on the number of camera models and suggested retail prices offered the top five digital camera companies is provided as Table 5. jaPM a a O -t P GO O PH o O O I U U O m 00 3 O) - II II 1 O uj N 0gt (Zl H et S a PH 11 I C S a ON n Os O ON 5 . -i g A a (-. S o 6 6O . agi 00 0U-3 le a y ob e C3 .a o CM s a Pi O 6 II O O Os 2 O S o u 1 o 00 00 o si 5bp -2 SS fe PL, ao o O g a es .5 a -3S a o U SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL A New Kodak Emerges 37 In January 2008, Kodak announced that its turnaround was officially over. In advance of the companys annual strategy meeting in New York City on February 7, 2008, Perez announced It is with great pride that I introduce the new Kodak, a company wi th a new spirit and winning attitude.While completing a difficult and unprecedented business transformation, we also created breakthrough products and services that feature Kodaks hallmark innovation, winning customer acceptance and critical praise for a brand renowned for its smart use of technology. In 2008 and beyond, we will leverage the innovative thinking of Kodak people to stop on our commitments to shareholders and increase the value of this great company. Kodak executives pointed to multiple metrics to demonstrate the extent of the firms transformation. Kodaks industrial park in Rochester, New York had been reduced from 1,600 country to 700 acres since 1998. Eleven film plants had been shuttered, leaving the company with only three film plants worldwide. As shown in Figure 2, the number of Kodak workers had been reduced from 145,300 in 1988 to around 30,000 at the end of 2007. More than half ofthe remaining employees were considered new, joining Kodak since the launch ofthe firms digital strategy in 2003. Revenues from the Consumer Digital Imaging Group (CDIG) had increased substantially since 2003. CDIG included digital cameras, inkjet printers, camera sensors, digital picture frames, online photo finishing, and digital photo kiosks. As shown in Table 6, CDIG revenues had almost doubled, growing from $2. 37 billion in 2004 to $4. 63 billion in 2007. Kodak did not report profitability data by product segment. SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 38 Figure 2 Kodak Sales, Gross Profit Net Income Per Employee*** 2002-2006 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 = o Q 100,000 50,000 0 50,000 2002 H Employees D Sales/Employee Gross Profit/Employee Net Income/Employee 70,000 $183,357 $77,771 $11,000 2003 63,900 $208,404 $81,612 $4,147 2004 54,800 $246,661 $95,000 $10,146 2005 51,100 $279,217 $107,339 $(26,654) 2006 40,900 $324,548 $122,152 $(14,694) o o o o m ( . -H ON o 1-H s? ON ON rj 004 Perc ri n 00 Tl Tl Tl 00 H m ON o ON VO O .-H NO ON Tl .-H in n VO o t a O n rj VO O 00 O 1-H 00 CN T-H o o TH ri VO ri m O a Gro o tems ai a s a O a o (3 S U g u a S onsnmer Digi CJ r 1 Outside the U. Inside the U. S raphic Comm ilm Photofi Outside the U. Inside the U. S U U 11 other ealth Gronp . 5 5 s S e t (3 / anna n u SCR BUSINESS CASE JOURNAL 40 Building implosions were another(prenominal) symbol ofthe firms makeover.Kodak had shed more than 100 buildings since the 199Os, imploding three massive buildings during the summer of 2007 that had formerly housed manufacturing processes for the firms film, paper and other chemical-based products. As the rubble of the old chemical plants was cleared, Kodak executives gave presentations for technology stock analysts praising Kodaks successful turnaround. The presentations were entitled A New Kodak Emerges and emphasized the end of Kodaks restructuring program the creation of high margin businesses, such as consumer inkjet printers and camera sensors and Kodaks expected return to sustainable profi tability.According to company executives, Kodak had a clear advantage in the digital space due to its specialized knowledge of materials science (the result ofthe firms 100-plus years of experience in traditional photography) and digital image science (through the firms strong intellectual property in digital technologies). However, stock analysts remained skeptical of the success of Kodaks transformation, continuing to question the competitive success ofthe inkjet strategy and Kodaks value proposition for camera sensors. Analysts further questioned the adequacy of Kodaks spending for research and development given the number of major initiatives it was pursuing. In 2007, Kodak spent 5. 19% of sales or $536 million on research and development, while Canon spent $3,351 billion or 8. 22% of sales on a more singular research agenda. Others continued to express concern about the commoditization of many of the business segments in which Kodak operated, persistently request Frank Sklarsk y, Kodaks chief fmancial officer, So, where are you making your money? I just want to know. It isnt clear The stock analysts continued unease over Kodaks fixture was refiected in their stock recommendations with ten of eleven key analysts rating the shares as either neutral or as Despite the Kodak officers assertion of successfiil transformation, there was open scheme in the press about the possibility of a breakup of Kodak or mergers with either Xerox or Hewlett Packard.Perez dismissed the notion of a merger with HP saying, I dont have any comments about that. All those rumorsthere are many other rumors too. I wouldnt pay much attention. Other rumors included mergers with Dell, a leveraged buyout by a private equity firm or billionaire investor. Warren Buffets interest in Kodak as an investment. When questioned about the possibility of a breakup, Perez retorted, They dont know anything about the company. Why would you do that? I dont see any good financial reason to do that. Were the winds of change continuing to blow for Kodak? Was Kodaks transformation successful or were there other changes needed?Was it time for Kodak to merge or pursue a breakup? Or was a leveraged buyout Kodaks best option for remaining commutative?EndnotesDigital Camera Turns 30-Sort Of. The Associated Press, http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/9261340/. Online Extra What it Boils Down To for Kodak. (November 23, 2003).