The Lady with the Pet Dog

Comparison of two stories of the same name A bosh of two get hold of intercoursers in an social function is never a primary thing to understand. Anton Chekhov original and Joyce Carol Oatess updated version of The Lady with the deary Dog reassures the story of two unhappy individuals trying to find make do in a long lasting affair. Both versions of the story atomic number 18 similar in plot, except the different point of draw allows readers to trance the conflicts and emotions that each character faces, instead of just getting one array of the story. Although both(prenominal) stories follow the same plot, there are m whatsoever differences that dish readers understand the emotions of the protagonist.Chekhovs version of The Lady with the Pet Dog the main protagonist is a male named Dmitry Gurov. The third person point of view allows readers to only captivate how Gurovs emotions throughout the story and not his live interest Anna. Gurov is an unfaithful husband and vi ews women as the inferior race (Chekhov 205). He has been through many affairs in capital of the Russian Federation that he already knows that the affair will grow into an extreme complexity (205) and when the end comes a painful situation is created (205).In Oates version the protagonist is Anna, who is not as worn as she appears in Chekhovs version. Anna doesnt know what it discovers like to have a bond with a person, because she cant seem to bind with her husband. The affair allows Anna some freedom from her boring conduct and allows her to have some purpose in life. tho she feels guilty for being in an affair with a stranger. The plot in Chekhovs version is very corking forward being in chronological order, whereas Oates mixes the plot around offset with the climax first.They share the same climax of the theater, but in both stories Anna reacts differently when seeing her enjoyr appear to see her. In Chekhovs version, Anna is shocked by Gurovs appearance. She tells him that she is suffering and thinks only about him, but wants to forget everything that happened. Yet she is knows she wants to be with him so she promises to see him in Moscow and tells him to leave. While in Oatess version, Anna is shocked and very unpleased with seeing her lover, and makes sealed he doesnt come near her.Her lover then calls her, and we see that Anna get frustrated with him for calling her. We can see that Oates was trying to choke Anna a little more(prenominal) than power in the affair contradictory Chekhov. The mix of the plot in Oatess version I feel allows readers to actually understand Anna and her emotions. It wouldve been easier to understand if it was in order, but Oates took the same story and updated it and wrote it in a way that made it much different from Chekhovs. She gave Anna life and we got to see how the guilt ate at her, while Gurov wasnt really affected as bad as she was in Chekhovs.I had to read Oatess story more than once to get the story i nto order, which allowed me to think more about Annas feelings more then I could do if I only read it once. In both stories the protagonist are stuck in unhappy marriages, but neither actually make an effort to divorce. The setting of Chekhovs version takes place at the turn of the century, so I feel maybe divorce wasnt an option for both characters then. Yet Oates had her story take place in the 1970s, which happened to be a cartridge holder of feminism, which to my surprise Anna never thought about leaving her husband for her lover.The puzzling emotions from an unhappy marriage and guilt drove Anna crazy. She would ponder this is fateto be here and not there, to be one person and not some other, a certain mans wife and not the wife of another man (222). We could tell she just wants to be accepted from someone, and that was her lover. The guilt of treason even on a broken marriage drove her to tell her lover that she wished that one of her men would die, so it could make things easier on her. In each story we find that the protagonist finds some sort of love in the end of the story.Chekhovs character Gurov, sees his wife as modified intelligence, narrow minded and dowdy (205). Anna seems to be the opposite of his wife, which makes him even more attractive to her. Gurov has been in many affairs, but each time he was left lonely, because he was focused on looking for the sexual persuasion of the relationship and not the emotional. Anna allowed him to open up emotionally, giving him someone to communication to. In the end Gurov knew he was growing old and that he really for the first time actually loved someone.Oatess Anna, has been through a lot of confusion never knowing who she loved. She almost commits suicide and gives up on her relationship. It takes her sometime, but she finally learns to accept her lover and the secrets. Anna was looking for her birth identity and love, but she had to learn to love herself first before she could love anyone else. With the third person point of view we are limited to so much information, but Oatess adaption sheds light on the other half(a) of the story. A one sided story wouldve left readers with a lot of questions concerning Anna.Its like they made the affair seem so easy in Chekhovs version, but we find out that they struggled just like any couple would. Although the stories shared many similarities they did have their difference in approach. flora Cited Chekhov, Anton. The Lady with the Pet Dog. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins 2009. 205-16 Oates, Joyce Carol. The Lady with the Pet Dog. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins 2009. 219-31

“Marginalization” by Chandrakant Mallya

In a casing, both arms atomic number 18 evenly important. If one of them tilts, the result is imbalance. Compare the scale to the association. A perfect club viewed from any angle, is impossibility. Turn the pages of hu manhood historyperfection was never at that place. It is well-founded to assume that it will never be there It can not be comp allowely avoided either. monastic order at any given snip has not existed and functioned with let out fringyizationSome of the definitions of marginalization areTo relegate or confine to a lower or outer limit or edge, as of neighborly standing.Marginalization (the States) refers to the overt or covert trends inwardly societies whereby those perceived as lacking desirable traits or deviating from the concourse norms course to be excluded by wider society and ostracized as undesirables.Wing Leung describes A marginal per male child as one who does not belongthe marginal man dwells at the margin of two cultures and two societies a nd possesses amarginal brainiac with its unresolved identity crises.Louis Wirth speaking of nonage groups thus A group of people who, because of their physical or cultural portionistics, are singled out from the another(prenominal)s in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment and who and so regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. This means, the more numerically dominant members, or the more prosperous section of the society gives unequal treatment star(p) to acts of social ostracism, acts of discrimination, leading to marginalization.In genus Sula Tony Morrison traces the lives of two bootleg heroines. They climb together in a small Ohio townwell, thats the merely common point about them. Otherwise, they are poles apart. Their paths are totally divergent, ostensibly their thinking as well Nel Wright chooses the normal life of a black woman marries and settles in the place of her birth. She is part of the tightly-knit black f riendship.Sula cessation rejects this option outright. She escapes to a city, joins a college, and when she returns to her roots, she is a rebel. She decides to teach a lesson to the society that humiliated her in childhood. She mocks at the social norms, and she is a wanton versed seductress. Her vicarious pleasure is depicted in her triumphant return to her settlement and she is extremely happy about the victory she scored by crossing the hurdle that she faced in her life due to the color of her skin. These two characters ably depict, with utmost sincerity to their own emotions, their suffering and enjoyment in the feeble of various trials and tribulations that was part of their life and living.The Civil War in USA led to the physical liberation. The War for economic liberation began thereafter. In Sula Toni Morrison provides us with the real history lesson with the depiction of the black way of life, a society which still continues to be marginalized both from social and ec onomic standpoints. through their girlhood years they share everything perceptions, judgments, yearnings, secrets, even crime until Sula gets out, out of the Bottom, the hilltop neighborhood where beneath the sporting life of the men interruption around the place in head rags and soft felt hares there hides a fierce resentment at failed crops, lost jobs, thieving redress men, bug-ridden flour . . . at the invisible line that cannot be overstepped. (Morison, 1973)Fences is the story of tetrad generations of black Americans. The torch of legacy of morals, attitudes, mores and patterns passes through stories. troy weight Maxon is the principle character of the play. Being a black, the part of the marginalized society of America, how and wherefore he had to scale down his dreams to adjust inside his run-down yard. The opening scene begins with Troy Maxon and his trusted friend Jim Bono engaged in drinking and talking.The anguish of marginalization related victimization is eviden t, when he makes a formal compliant to his bosses, why only white men are permitted to drive garbage trucks for the go down on disposal company. The deep impact of marginalization in Troy Maxons psyche is shown as he counsels his teenage son Cory Maxon when he is cosmos actively recruited for a college football scholarship. His father discourages him, and tells him not to ignore other important responsibilities.Troy wants that his son should never haul garbage comparable him. Cory represents all the possibilities his father never had and the unmet dreams. Yet the father is unwilling to let the son go on the path chosen by him to ameliorate his lot in life. His apprehension is that the white-dominated sports will not let Cory progress, and chemise his heart. Troy had spent fifteen years in jail for looting and murder, but he became an accomplished baseball player in the jail. afterwards the release, when he could not get proper opportunities to display his skill, he is pungent and resentful at the chances lost because of the color of his skin. He wants to protect his son from facing such disappointments and turn cynical. It was due to marginalization that Troys life was full of difficulties, oppression coupled with bad luck. As a boy, due the abject poverty, he was denied education, he cannot even read.Marginalization is practised all over the world, and it embraces humanity. In the Developed World, racial and ethnic minority groups stand out as the most marginalized. Then there are other classes like, the poor, the sick, the disabled, the obese, teenage unwed mothers, the elderly, the homosexuals and lesbians. These groups suffer from one form of marginalization or the other-unemployment, poverty, poor health facilities and lack of education and the like. How can we try to end it?The question should be rather how we can mend it? The completion to marginalization can only be through mending the shipway of the society. First of all, the affluent and th e socially well placed members of the majority community should realize the grave injustice rendered to the affected society for centuries. Genuine penance and willing acceptance to reform can only change the social structure. The change with-out can be achieved only through the change with-in. Society must have a will to change, and that is possible by the unite efforts of the government, social and spiritual organizations. It is high time that marginalization is given a decent burial.ReferencesMorrison, Toni, Sula Excerpted from the book jacket In clear, dark, resonant delivery .members.tripod.com/bibliomania/archive3/morrison5.html 9k Retrieved on May 21, 2007.

Sociological Conflict Theory

Teenage self-destruction, the third leading cause of death for those 13-18 geezerhood old, is a complexity of issues which culminates in a catastrophic action, the causation of which washstand only be partially examined or explained by the 3 principal(prenominal) sociological theories. Functionalism would attempt to illustrate suicide as a on the job(p) part of lodgethe weak and possibly the unsuccessful eliminate themselves, allowing society to devote resources to other issues. A con of this theory is that it does not underwrite the issue what motivated suicide whitethorn be a epoch-making issue within society.Another con of this theory is that it fails to see global stance and even a family view, thereby forcing society to use resources on family this could be more costly than assisting the anomie. Another theory why young suicide is functional to our society is that failed suicide attempts give us invaluable development into the minds of those in this desperate state. A study was taken of teenagers who had attempted suicide in British Columbia. It found common denominators such as problems in their family situations, the pressure to excel, and low self-esteem.The data collected shows an physical exercise of functionalism because it screwing keep back future suicides. Although suicide is perceived as a completely in-person act, it creates negative latent functions that echo throughout society as a whole. When economic times ar tough, any(prenominal) social welf atomic number 18 programs may be cut leading to higher suicide rates. One example is that in Europe suicide can affect how economic decisions argon made by the governments welfare programs (International Journal of affable Welfare Article published online 9 FEB 2011). This ultimately decreases the size of the escape force possibly negatively effecting economic recovery.The Marx Conflict Theory does an symbolical job in outlining the precursors for teenage suicide by exposing the unde rlying counterpoint existing between classes. This class conflict can be considerably seen in American high school today. There are several(prenominal) factors which increase the risk of teenage suicide which vary slightly from behold to survey, but all include stress over relationships and/or transaction expectations. The Conflict Theory, however, does little to address the underlying individual motivations involved in teenage suicides.For example, it does not address warning signs or the fact that a predominance of those committing suicide or attempting to commit suicide has at least one, often more than one emotional or psychological disorder. Children from the ages 15-24 are more prone for suicide due to the major changes that are occurring at this stage of life. There are many images and labels associated with teenage suicide, which coincide with the symbolic interactionism theory. Studies show that goths are more likely to commit suicide than universal teens (http//www. c vpy. org/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/goth-teens-dhr. df). The reasons behind a teens suicide or attempted suicide can be complex some may even see it as a solution. Feelings of rejection, hurt, loss, anger, shame, or guilt can be contributing factors. name over disappointing friends or family members, feeling unwanted, unloved, victimized, or like theyre a burden to others can lead to suicidal thoughts. Labeled teenage subcultures are often targets for bullying and teasing, which can lead to a teens suicide (http//alterophobia. blogspot. com/2008/05/tempest-smith-another-victim-of-hatred. html).Often, suicidal teens are seen as alienated or unduly stressed, unable to cope with the demands placed on them by their parents, peers, and the media. Within some subcultures, suicide itself may be seen as glamorous, noble, a way to take over the burden on others, or a way to reject the norms of society. to each one theory can contribute to the sociological causation and explanatio n of teenage suicidal tendencies none stand alone in providing a total explanation of this societal woe, though symbolic interactionism provides the most adequate trial run of the issue, due to the many images and labels that are associated with teenage suicide.

Documentation

Initial Proposal Billing System Gemaima C. Maglasang Eliza M. Oliverio Melody Sinas 1. Introduction With the ability of technology nowadays, people get interested with computers. They tried to indulge themselves on it to have a productive result in a to a greater extent efficient and time saving process. However some of them are compose using manual clay. In this regard, we acknowledge the value of computerized carcass. As of todays generation, in that respect are business existing. One of which is Cuadro Square Builders Inc. It is located at brgy. Cataman high-way Manabay,ozamiz urban center and managed by Granville Young Te.Cuadro Square Builders Inc. started their operation of their business on 2011. As we interviewed their manager he said that they have a running system but it was not maintain by their IT representative, it was currupt and lost their files. After half-dozen months they decided to use the manual billing. So we offer them our planning system to facilitate th eir work. And avoid losing documents. 2. Objectives Records of available products and maintain description of new products. Saves customer details and new entered category of products. Provides economic/financial reports to the owner periodical or weekly and yearly.Provides a convenient solution of billing pattern. even off an easy to use environment for substance abuser. Simplifies the task and reduces the paper work. 3. System Features Helps the user to fill up easy Easy to save and locate files 4. methodology We choose to use Waterfall diagram in our project and in our documentation because it is simple and easy to understand. Phases are processed and completed bingle at a time. We decided to use the VB. Net as our programing language. 5. Schedule Activity No. of days Remarks Planning 7 xays Analyzing 10 days Designing 30 days System Coding 50 days Implementation 5 days

How democratic was Andrew Jackson? Essay

Andrew capital of Mississippi may have been the most general chairperson in the history of United States. Andrew capital of Mississippi was elected as a president for his majority rule and he was still getting votes from electors xv years after he died. But was Andrew capital of Mississippi classless at all? He didnt republicanally act in a lot of mountain ilk being partial to the deplorable, not paying(a) attention to the homegrown Americans or not listening to Van Buren that caused a big scandal in society.Jackson was born in 1767 on the border between North and South Carolina. He was a tiddler with a wild streak that grew up in a unforesightful family. His childhood was so dramatic and full of events that they made him be queer and experienced in situations. Jackson was voted for the presidency in 1828 and was reelected in 1832. He was said to create a new era of real democracy in America. But like other men, Jackson was not democratic at all and he was also claimed a s behaving more than like the king.First of all, Andrew Jackson was not democratic because he gave more world-beater to the little and seemed to be partial to them. While it was democratic that he essay to balance the creator between the rich and the poor moreover in this circumstance, he totally took down the rich. In enrolment 3 which is a political cartoon, Jackson holds a veto in the left slew and a scepter in the right and tramples on the Federal opus and The United States beach. It was said that Jackson was fear on the rich and decently who may cheat the acts of government to their own selfish utilitys so he vetoes the Congresss bill to recharger the Bank in July in 1832 and removes the deposit. In fact, Jackson was doing more damage to the bank and he biased against the laden men in command. He may have little or no trust in what the Congress and government had deemed to be in the country best interest.In Document 5, Jackson inflame the poor against the rich, The rich and powerful are also People but Jackson didnt listen to and fol miserable their wishes. That was not democratic. In Document 2, Daniel Webster compliments that Andrew Jackson was democratic. It seemed to be contrary to his reply to Andrews Bank veto that Daniel totally criticizes Andrew for turning against the rich. But we can see that Webster claimed that Jackson was the hero of the dirt farmer. It supported that Andrew Jackson is so partial to the poor and just stand for their sides. Jackson did have democratic ideas but his ideas didnt actually improvement all people. This was autocratic as it didnt benefit all people that he took the rich down and just taked for the low class.Additionally, Jackson also acts undemocratically that he didnt include the Native Americans. In Document 3, Andrew looks like a king although he is president because of not taking care of the Native Americans and some tribes. Since a president takes to care for all people, Jackson just cares of pa rt of them and abuse for his power and acts only in his best interests. ground on Document 8, Jackson persuaded the Native American but actually forced them and some tribes to westward of the Mississippi. It means that he kicked them out of U.S. Jackson was not democratic because he moves them to such useless land as the land was ruined and poor. despite looking to the citizens of U.S. well, Jackson wasnt paying attention to the suffering that he was inflicting on Native Americans. This one side shows that Jackson was not a democratic president as some people think he was.The pinnacle of being undemocratic of Jackson was in Document 7, Jackson refused to listen. He liked Swartwout because he had been an early supporter. Jackson appointed Samuel to the military post of the collector of Port of New York instead of Buren because Swartwout was offered by people more than Van. It is contrary to his democracy of following peoples wishes that he didnt listen to Buren. Andrew went agai nst all reason and showed a great lack of trustworthy judgment when he appointed one of his homies who is a notorious thief. Since Samuel was in office, there was a scandal that Swartwout absconded with $1222705.09. It was a monumental theft This terminate up hurting the country economically and totally affected the commons goods. This selfish act was a foolish one.Although Andrew Jackson, as I stated, was an undemocratic president, he was still kind and compassionate and still has little democracy. Based on Document 11, Jackson readed a child and took care of him. He wrote letters to his wife that he would adopt an Indian son, Lynconya, I send him to my little Andrew and I hope he will adopt him as one of our family. And the letter on December 28th, 1823, Jackson wrote that dissever Lyncoya to read his book and be a good boy and come after you in all things. We can see, Jackson was still democratic as he adopted an Indian boy and also buried him in the family cemetery when h e died at age 14. Throughout Jacksons life and his presidency and with the above evidence, Andrew Jackson was not a democratic president at all. He unfairly acted in several circumstances but he was also democratic and kind of adopting an Indian boy. I conclude Andrew Jackson was not as democratic as many people thought he was. His action towards people didnt benefit everyone.

Willy Loman and Gatsby Comparison

His m only Idea was to obtain the girl of his dreams alongside this, but ended with either as he took a angered ride to his own self-destruction. artful, In contrast, was able to accomplish the envious American Dream, but was far too ambitious to notice. When Wily decides he wants to reckon for his father with his brother Ben, he met Dave Signalman who essentially changes his inure future. In order to make a sale all he had to do was weft up his phone and call the buyers, and without ever leaving his room, he do his living (Miller, pop 1. After seeing how successful he was, Wily totally reconsiders his original decision of going to Alaska, and Instead, became a legman which marks the commencement exercise of his downfall. Both characters prove to be rattling lacking in deterrent example sense. Jay Gatsby only motivation for becoming bass was to win Daisy back. Gatsby threw exuberant parties and lies virtually his background just to prove his worthiness to Daisy. There was music from my neighbors fireside through the summer nights.In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and he bubbly and the stars (Fitzgerald, pop). In Wills case, after arriving berth from work, he boasts about his sales, disrespect it being blatant lies Just to impress his family. If old man Wagner was save alive Id a been in charge of New York now. (Miller, pa). This quote unfeignedly shows how far Wily has fallen, as it could not be further from the truth. The biggest agentive role that separates the two characters is their lifestyle and pecuniary situation.Gatsby lives his life in an astonishing fashion, with the competency to buy anything anyone could ever desire. Inhabiting a giant mansion on the lakefront space of West Egg, it is very easy to envy Gatsby and the money he possesses. In contrast, Wily Loan lives a life very few would envy. With financial troubles throughout, Wily Loan has extreme rubles providing for his family . Despite leading very diverging lifestyles, Jay Gatsby and Wily Loan were both amoral and caught up in the illusion of the American Dream.It is no coincidence, that at their lives conclusions, both found themselves terribly alone, even on their deathbeds. Wily Loan and Gatsby Comparison By Edgewood Gatsby hosts parties in an attempt to rifle in, but his attempt is inevitably a failure as main(prenominal) idea was to obtain the girl of his dreams alongside this, but ended with incomplete as he took a ferocious ride to his own self-destruction. Wily, in contrast, was Dave Signalman who essentially changes his entire future.In order to make a sale all room, he made his living (Miller, pop). After seeing how successful he was, Wily totally reconsiders his original decision of going to Alaska, and instead, became a very lacking in moral sense. Jay Gatsby only motivation for becoming rich was to win Daisy back. Gatsby threw exuberant parties and lies about his background Just to Will is case, after arriving home from work, he boasts about his sales, despite it new Gatsby and the money he possesses. In contrast, Wily Loan lives a life very

Statement of Academic/ Career Goals

Being fond of apothecarys shop and with a desire to be a pharmacist, I m currently an undergraduate student in College of Arts and Science with my majors in Chemistry. Ive always ambitiont of becoming a pharmacist while analyze in USA for which I am eager to work weighty and whole heartedly. I was also in Letters Deans list in 2007-f solely semester and joined the Chemistry school department symposium in 2008. I am also a social servant and put on been a conductlong volunteer in Taiwanese Social memorial t suitablet that took take care of impoverished patients in persistent vegetative allege (PVS) suffers in nursing home surroundings.By overhaul at that place I gained experience in cost reduction and acquired leadership and managerial skills. I always wanted to achieve something high in pedantics due to which I set out high spirits and faith in me. The reason for selecting united States among the numerous choices was the excellent removeing environment found there wh ich is the totally way to fulfill my academic aspirations and for which I am ready to contact as much as possible. The way of teaching and inspiration that comes from fall in States attracts me the most which unfortunately, I wasnt able to find in my commonwealth Taiwan.The learning environment at United States positively reinforces and encourages the students to think, express and be creative whereas in other countries punishments are used to push students on with cramming studies. In the United States, I believe that electromagnetic unit is the platform where I can pursue my highly spirited goals and where my skills can be raise and polished because of the conditioned science faculty available there. Ive been enrolled at this grand demonstrate for more than a year and through my severely work have been able to cut 50 credit hours up till this instant.Even though I was faced with a cope of problems and financial constraints, I never compromised on my result and attained an boilers suit GPA of 3. 07 and maintained an excellent GPA of 3. 4 in my major. This institute opened me to a new world of science where I saying my dreams coming to be true. This period holds strategic importance in raise nurturing my interest and convincing me with the passing condemnation that EMU is the right perpetrate for me for providing quality learning. EMU not lone(prenominal) played a character reference in increasing my knowledge and skills tho also made me learn other important things.The first thing that I learnt at the taper was the significance of honesty. The institute explained me new definitions of cheating and plagiarism which had been never taught originally and I eventually realized their importance in building my record once I began to study at EMU. It made me more creative, self-importance dependent and work steadfastlyer since I learnt to complete assignments and reports with the table service of my own ideas and knowledge acquired through h ard work from antithetic sources. This also helped in nurturing my grammar and put down skills which were tremendously improved.Moreover, my interpersonal skills improved drastically in the universitys environment which was previously hidden in the Chinese culture I came from. My invaginate nature disappeared and I was able to interact freely with my professors and classmates while oft raising questions which was not so in my old country school. EMU has taught me to be individualistic and self-reliant while at the same time made me affluent and interactive. By studying at EMU, Ive been able to acquire a professional knowledge through the courses and lectures taught by my learned professors.I had to take a piling of science courses since I was in the pre-pharmacy program. This was the point where my interest in Chemistry developed and eventually I became fond of it. Previously, I had an impression that Chemistry is a tough subject but the professors and learning environment at EMU made everything lucky for me and my interest in Chemistry was further nurtured. In the initial semesters I learned about the basic principles and laws of Chemistry while in the depart semester this knowledge became more profound and in-depth.All this knowledge and courses are adding up to my skills which will make me appropriate to pursue a life history in pharmacy. Moreover, at EMU Ive learnt to collaborate and work as a team. This skill was acquired by working in labs where I gained not all practical skills but also attained the spirit of a team. I am now experienced at handling chemical implement and equipments for the purpose of using them in experiments. This demanded considerable hard work because of the oral communication barriers due to which I had to preview lab manuals and practice a lot before coming to the lab.But since I am not fearful of hard work I did everything that it took to acquire complete knowledge. Breaking the wording barriers was one of the great est achievements for me and that built in me self confidence and aptitude to face challenges. This actually allowed me to help my classmates with their problems related to labs, equations and graphs. The language obstacles instead of serving as a hindrance actually motivated me to strengthen my English skills and communication power due to which I started being careful on every detail.Besides Chemistry, I also focused on biology and Physics which advanced my researching and citation, and measurements and calculations respectively. I also felt the warmness of American culture at EMU since my classmates understood that I came from a different cultural background and helped me in every way in disposition the language and accommodating into an American culture. Studying at EMU has changed my life, and I truly think that EMU is the right place for me to accomplish my dream of being a pharmacist.The promising environment and the learned faculty behave me to take a further step towar ds my goal. Delving more into my career aspirations I assimilated more and more knowledge which made me more eager to learn. For all these reasons I have made my decision to complete my bachelor pointedness of Chemistry at EMU and then apply for pharmacy schools. I have high aspirations to pursue what I yearn for and want to die hard up to my dreams in order to be proud and self-satisfied. I am also aware of the fact that behind every dream there are hardships and I am ready to strive and work hard for achieving what I plan to.My philosophy in life is the belief in hard work because this can earn me what I strive for and I look forward to develop my specific skills and competences for achieving my long-term goals. For this my bachelor ground level from EMU is very important for my future. I have financial troubles but your lore can serve as a blessing to me and help in fulfilling my long awaited dreams. Statement of Need I am a Taiwanese student working hard to achieve a career i n my field of interest.Like all other students, I am also striving to attain the skills and knowledge for expanding my horizons of intellectual abilities. In order to accomplish this, I have decided to shift to US since it is a land of excellent education which can quench my relish for knowledge. Though adjusting in American culture is difficult but I have tried my level best to handle all the obstacles and have been able to adjust quite easy. I want to pursue career in pharmacy so that I can help passel in their pain and sufferings which has always touched me.I come from a single family since my dad passed away when I was 13 and my mom was the only person who had to work to earn a nutrition for the whole family. She is now a 70 year old retiree and the whole family has to have sex on her pension plans. To date, I have completed my education from my previous savings and help from my family. Since I have a younger familiar and an elder sister, I cannot use much of the savings o f my family and thusly, I am left with a meager amount which is not enough to complete my under graduation. My family income is my mothers pension plan and her whole life savings which have almost exhausted.She has mortgaged her only house to a bank so that I continue studying in US in order to seek the dream of becoming a pharmacist. I am in a strong need for scholarship which is the only way through which I can make my future. Since I am categorized as an international student I have to counterbalance a higher sum of money than the US residents which further worsens the problem. Moreover, the US government does not permits international students to work and regards it as illegal therefore I dont have any source of income at present.My annual tuition fee is around $32000 apart from living, renting, transportation, books, eating and so on Since I am living without my family members therefore, I have no family support and have to manage all the expenses myself. The total expense of tuition and living becomes enormous and cannot be managed with the loaned amount and my mothers pension plans. 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Henrician Reformation

To What Extent Was The Henrician Reformation Inspired By The Political And dynastic Consideration Rather Than Religious Ideology? The Henrician Reformation posed numerous religiously inspired ideology as well as twain political and dynastic considerations. Evidence shows all three played their especial(a) part in successfully inspiring the Henrician Reformation. From various acts being passed in 1533 and 1534, with one of them being The Act of Supremacy, in which atomic number 1s dynasty becomes to a greater extent big businessmanful than it was before.However, religiously the renewal was inspired by such things as, the tick from Rome and the Pope due to Henrys need for a divorce form Catherine of Aragon. Also the denominational faith of England being changed to the smart Church of England faith. Henrys dynasty was in tact right up to the point in which he died. This was due to, The Supremacy Act. He got what he wanted in terms of wealth, divorce, etc. and the people were fi ne with his power as it didnt per say affect until he began closing the monasteries. Henry used parliament and politics to make known his growing success over the Church of England faith.He did initially do this to kick the revocation of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. In the 1540s, as Henrys health go down hill and was not very substantial, William Paget and Co. rallied a successful trim against the conservatives. This in turn allowed them to not only control the kings will but also seize power in the attached reign. The Henrician Reformation did however become inspired by religious ideology. The pregnancy of Anne Boleyn ignited Henrys already urgent plea to be granted a divorce from his current wife, Catherine of Aragon.The pregnancy itself was a companionable faux par and id not please the Pope and the divorce proceedings would only make the issue worse. This was the first religious inspiration, which could be verbalize to have inspired the Henrician Reformation, wh ich eventually resulted in the break from Rome and the Pope, bragging(a) England its new Protestant faith, The Church of England. Once Henry had succumbed to the inevitable button of his money he and Thomas Cromwell devised a plan to close the monasteries. This would allow Henry to gain money form the tithes and annates.In 1536 the 10 Articles were published. The Ten Articles declared that Christs body and blood were actually accede intimately. This statement meant that it could be used by Catholics or Lutherans as well. It was done in the thinking that it would justify the articles which proclaimed that sinners attain the confession by contrition and faith joined with chanty. This was a Catholic fixation. 3 years later, in 1539, The Act of Six Articles was published. It was published as it came to light that England was not as protestant as hoped and still remained substantially Catholic.Denial of transubstantiation was made punishable by burning. Politically and dynastically the reformation was inspired but evidence shows that without the religious ideology, it wouldnt have become such a famous reform. Religious ideology initially started reach the reformation, with Henry wanting a male heir to the throne of England. dynastic and political considerations only back-up the initial fact. The Henrician Reformation began with devotion and although it was inspired by politics and dynasty, this cant take away from the fact that religion had a profound effect on the Henrician Reformation.

American International Competitiveness

Since the beginning of the s razeties, the United States has go through a virtual parcel out revolution. Trade has add-ond much faster than the economy as a whole. Both bitations and exports expanded during the past 15 years. In the late 1970s, imports started outstripping exports by historically large margins. A merchandise divvy up famine has been commit every year since 1976. Moreoer, this shortfall has increased dramatically in the mid-eighties. What sparing deepens underlie the trip in U. S. belligerentness evidenced by the modern clientele deficits? dapple economists who nourish addressed this question subscribe to sedulous different approaches, well-nigh withstand examined castrates in macrostinting variables to see if they generated the economic pressures that lead to the modern cover deficits. Economists who ache employed this approach guard generally concluded that macroeconomic changes probably argon the compositors case of the recent deficits. A lthough macroeconomic theory extracts that change over deficits whitethorn be associated with a broad variety of cistrons, cardinal events in the late 1970s and early mid-eighties provoke received event attention the rise in U. S. amount of money engage congress to outside(prenominal) aggregate assume and the increase in U. S. pursuance place sexual congress to abroad use up judge. Both whitethorn ready been spurred by the U. S. governments budget deficit. The excess of spending over income provided a justly expansionary fiscal policy while higher sp be-time activity pass judgment had to be used to attract distant and domestic investors to finance the growth in debt. A relative increase in aggregate withdraw, whatever its source, is anticipate to subscribe to to a condescension deficit because a outlandishs look at for imports is positively associated with the level of its aggregate demand.In this instance, the theory predicts that U. S. demand for imp orts will rise relative to abroad demand for U. S. exports as U. S. aggregate demand grows relative to contradictory aggregate demand. A relative increase in U. S. interest rates give the bounce also lead to slew deficits by increasing distant demand for U. S. financial assets. The link betwixt financial emanates that respond to interest rate changes and art deficits is evident in standard ease of payments score races.The account descents used in defining art deficits convey that a nations current account (comprised of the merchandise dispense balance, the balance of change over on services, and sack up unilateral transfers) equals in size, b argonly with opposite sign, the chief city account. In an other(prenominal) words, if there argon capital in liquefys, consequently there essential be a trade deficit. Given this bill relationship, the inflow of foreign capital that is attracted by relatively high U. S. interest rates moldiness lead to a trade deficit to satisfy the fundamental accounting identities that underlie balance of payments accounting (McCulloch, 1978).While explanations of recent trade deficits that argon ground on fundamental macroeconomic relationships are attractive to economists, m whatsoever commentators restrain groundbreaking neuternative explanations that are rooted in microeconomic relationships. These commentators accept that the microeconomic characteristics mystify changed in ways that develop the relatively fast firm increases in imports and shekels imports. In attachment, human beingnesss opinion, for hotshot resolve or a nonher, has not fully accepted the power of the macroeconomic explanations for the trade deficits.We shall therefore investigate these explanations that generate been offered by different sources. The logical connections amidst these microeconomic changes and trade deficits expect not been clearly drawn. In particular, protrudeers of these microeconomic-based hypothese s permit ignored the concomitant that (absent macroeconomic adjustments) changes in the exchange rate could wrap up for shifts in microeconomic relationships, leaving trade flows in balance (Tarr, 1985). While the link between aver microeconomic changes and trade deficits is unclear, experiential depth psychology of the microeconomic explanations can still be very useful.Specifically, if we find that the alleged microeconomic changes in the mental synthesis of trade have not occurred, then we will be in a incline to bend the microeconomic explanations goly. For advocates of the microeconomic explanations, this approach may be much convincing than one that evaluates the microeconomic explanations indirectly through the use of general equilibrium or macroeconomic models. The microeconomic explanations have focused on identifying three types of microeconomic changes. First, there may be technological changes that alter trade flows.For example, changes in an exertions technol ogy may alter factor intensities so that particular inputs are less important to successful foreignistic competition. Second, policy changes may alter trade flows through their marrow on the openness of U. S. or other economies or through their encumbrance on the relative cost structure of U. S. manufacturers. Changes in tariff, quotas, or government subsidies clearly can have this effect, but other government policies may also be important. Third, the availability of demand inputs may change so that the competitory puzzle of U.S. firms is altered. For example, when abundant mineral resources fall out to be key for production, the U. S. position will change as the United States exhausts its relative supply of these needed resources. check to close to commentators, any or all of these types of microeconomic changes might lead to growth in the manufacturing trade deficit. As a result, they have received substantial public attention. If changes in microeconomic factors are t he source of recent trade deficits, we should solemnize a recent and major shift in the pattern of U. S.trade, since about industries will be more sensitive to changes in particular microeconomic factors than other industries or experience bigger changes in these factors. For instance, if relative U. S. lucre rates have become more important in international competition, we should fall upon a particularly large rise in interlocking imports in industries that employ relatively large amounts of high-cost mash or have go through particularly large increases in labor costs. In contrast, if macroeconomic variables underlie the recent deficits, this type of structural shift in trade flows is less likely to be present (Drucker, 1985).As a result, we can reject whatsoever of the microeconomic explanations of recent trade deficits that have been advanced if we observe that economic relationships that traditionally have proceedsd some industries over others in international trade ha ve been stalls and that key industry characteristics, such as labor intensity, have also been stable. In the subject of U. S. wage rates, if the relationship between wage rates and imports has not changed over cartridge clip, and U. S. wage rates relative to those in other countries have not changed importantly, then wage rates are unlikely to have contributed to the increased trade deficit.Of course, if we do find that the alleged microeconomic changes have occurred, the growth in the trade deficit can not be attributed to them unless logical causal relationships can be identified that are consistent with international trade accounting identities. Factors associated with U. S. free-enterprise(a)ness in trade see to have been relatively stable throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. Manufacturing operations located in the States bind their traditional militant utility in production that requires sophisticated know-how and continue to experience a competitive dis profit in prod uction that uses humble labour intensively.Moreover, it appears that, to the finale change has occurred, these relationships have strengthened over time (Marston 1986). Yet, as others have pointed out, the competitive performance of umpteen U. S. industries appears to have disciplined (Landau and Rosenberg, 1986). flock these two ceremonys be consistent? The competitive performance of U. S. industries can decline because of changes that do not affect the relationships between trade flows and the industry characteristics. First, the characteristics of particular industries, such as their factor intensities, may have changed so that realize imports increased.The higher unionization is associated with more imports, thus if unionization increased and this relationship remained stable, then unionization could be one cause of increased imports. Shifts in the relative competitiveness of an individual industry may reflect adjustments in the characteristics of the industry, within the context of stable comparative degree degree avail relationships. For example, if good R&D efforts are associated with strong exports, but industries reduce their R&D expenditures, export performance would be expected to decline even though the relationship between exports and R&D was stable.Put slightly differently, when relative factor abundancies are stable, changes in industrial input requirements will be reflected in shifts in the trade balance of particular U. S. industries. The governings of industries with jimmy to their trade flows have been sort of stable. While there have been some shifts in position during the last decade, statistical tests indicate that the unfirm has not been substantial. The rank exhibition of manufacturing industries by the level of sack imports in 1975 is passing cor connect with the rank order that existed in 1984.Industry characteristics available in time series have also been quite stable. The values for industry characteristics in 1975 are highly correlated with their values in 1981. Moreover, the changes in mean values for these variables are relatively small, especially for the variables that are most directly related to the sevensome proposed explanations of the trade deficits that we analyze. The variables available in time series include the radical variables used in traditional trade models. Simple macroeconomic relationships suggest that the rise in the trade deficit is likely to be associated with changes in macroeconomic variables.If this is true, then one would expect that many industries experienced a rise in their trade deficits (Benvignati, 1985). Consistent with this prediction, nearly all U. S. industries experienced declining international competitiveness to some degree between 1981 and 1984. In addition to this general confirmation of the macroeconomic explanations for trade deficits, there is direct support for the view that recent inflows of foreign capital, attracted by relatively high U. S. interest rates, and increases in U. S.aggregate demand relative to foreign aggregate demand are responsible for recent trade deficits. Specifically, exchange rates rose during the cessation studied and this led to an increase in net imports, as the macroeconomic theory of international financial flows predicts. Also there appears to be a positive association between recent increases in relative U. S. aggregate demand and net imports, as the aggregate demand theory suggests. According to the macroeconomic theory of international financial flows, higher U. S. interest rates will attract foreign capital. Since U. S.financial assets are denominated in dollars, this will lead to an increase in the demand for dollars. Because increases in the value of the dollar pee-pee U. S. goods more expensive relative to foreign goods, there will be a diminution in the international competitiveness of U. S. manufacturers. This decrease in competitiveness is expected to be reflected in higher net i mports, causation the trade deficit to equal the surplus on the capital account. in that location is empirical support for this argument. U. S. industries appear to have been under severe competitive pressure because of the relatively high value of the dollar.For example, in the automobile industry, it has been argued that just about $700 of the roughly $2,000 cost disadvantage of U. S. automobile manufacturers in 1983 was due to the signally high exchange rate (Detroit Battle, 1983). Similarly, in steel, machine tools, textiles, and many other industries, analysts have pointed to exchange rates as an important source of the U. S. competitive disadvantage. As a result, it is not too surprising that the increase in the value of the dollar between 1980 and 1985 was associated with a decline in the U. S. trade balance.While the adverse effect of the increased value of the dollar on the competitive position of U. S. industries seems to have been quite widespread, the effect has been large in some industries than others. In particular, it appears likely that the effect will be largest for products where the demand for U. S. exports and imports was quite elastic, since these products are most sensitive to changes in relative prices. For example, estimates of price elasticities by Baldwin (1976) indicate that these elasticities are particularly large (between 3. 20 and 4.4) in the case of metal working machinery and office/computing machines. According to macroeconomic theory, imports are likely to vary positively with the level of aggregate demand, other things being equal. Specifically, as U. S. incomes rise, the U. S. demand for imports is likely to rise. Moreover, if U. S. incomes rise relative to foreign incomes, the U. S. demand for imports should rise relative to the foreign demand for U. S. exports. As a result, macroeconomic theory predicts that, during these periods, U. S. demand for imports will rise relative to foreign demand for U. S.exports and gro wing trade deficits are more likely. At the end of 1982, the U. S. balance of payments deficit appears to have been reduced by aggregate demand effects, since the U. S. demand was falling relative to foreign demand. However, in 1983 and 1984 the U. S. economy grew relative to the economies of its business partners ( scotch Report of the President 1986). The relatively strong U. S. recovery and the general oecumenic recession were associated with a sharp rise in the U. S. trade deficit (Economic Report of the President 1985). at that place is no conflict between the observation that U.S. trade deficits have risen and the finding that U. S. comparative advantage relationships have been relatively stable over the last decade. Evidently, there have been shifts in macroeconomic variables that have increased the level of imports in most industries, without shifting trade patterns across industries significantly. While other types of changes, such as shifts in omitted microeconomic varia bles or changes in the magnitudes of included variables, would also make the two observations consistent, these alternative explanations are not nearly as important.Moreover, simple macroeconomic theories and available empirical evidence suggest strongly that macroeconomic forces underlie the growth of recent trade deficits. Changes in most microeconomic variables have either been gradual or narrowly focused. As a result, they are unlikely to generate the large trade deficits that are detect. only the changes in international capital flows (with associated changes in exchange rates) and, for part of the period, changes in the relative levels of aggregate demand, have been large enough and sharp enough to explain the sudden rise in net imports. The growth of direct foreign investment by U.S. firms during the last decade reflects, in part, the development of their advanced technological and organizational know-how. This stability in the fundamental comparative advantage relationshi ps is inconsistent with widely held views linking microeconomic changes to the growth in the trade deficit during the 1980s. Macroeconomic models provide explanations that are much more consistent with empirical observations. We conclude, as have macroeconomists, that changes in macroeconomic factors, rather than any of the many microeconomic explanations that have been advanced, underlie recent U.S. trade deficits. The comparative advantage structure that determines a pastorals trade patterns changes only slowly. For the United States, comparative advantage forces have meant, and still mean, that the country is a net importer of commodities that are efficiently produced with relatively large amounts of unskilled labour and a net exporter of commodities that require the relatively intensive use of skilled labour. These basic relationships have not changed significantly during the 1970s or early 1980s.Similarly, the United States continues to be discriminate in industries that are energy-intensive, use depleting natural resources, or are intemperately unionized. Higher minimum efficient scale requirements and higher R&D intensity continue to be associated with both higher imports and higher exports. Only weak relationships exist between capital intensity or industry concentration and the strength of the U. S. trade position. The relationships between industry characteristics and trade flows are evident despite the presence of tariff and nontariff barriers and other government trade policies.Moreover, the effects of trade policies appear to be weak relative to the economic forces that result from differences in comparative advantage. Nonetheless, trade policies do have recognisable effects. As one would expect, U. S. tariff and nontariff barriers are associated with lower net import levels. However, the statistical findings for foreign trade barriers are less clear. We attribute this to the fact that U. S. exporters face different trade barriers in different countries. It may be the case that strong U. S.exports continue in many countries although these exports face substantial barriers in other countries. In addition, foreign trade barriers and industrial targeting efforts may arise as a reaction to U. S. export successes, yet not be strong enough to make a substantial reduction in U. S. exports in foreign market places generally. Analyses of U. S. imports and exports test the competitiveness of the States as a geographical unit. However, these analyses do not capture fully the competitiveness of U. S. -controlled firms, since many U. S.firms are multinationals. To measure the competitiveness of U. S. -controlled firms, produce manufactured abroad victimization U. S. know-how must(prenominal)iness be considered (Marston, 1986). Similarly, U. S. output must be adjust for output produced by foreign-controlled multinationals in the United States. To a large extent, the additional stance offered by the analysis of the adjust trade f low data exactly confirms the findings based on the unadjusted data. The United States remains relatively strong in the same industries where it was strong in the previous decade.However, when the trade flow data are adjusted to reflect the presence of multinational corporations, some structural changes in trade patterns become evident. Basically, these changes evidence a modify of the relationships that have traditionally shaped U. S. trade flows. Apparently U. S. firms have progressively exploited their more mobile competitive strengths by investing abroad. at that place is some evidence that this effort has been undertaken to overcome historical comparative disadvantages associated with producing in the States.Most notably, there is some evidence that this foreign investment is increasingly self-aggrandizing in industries that are heavily unionized. Together, the analyses of adjusted and unadjusted trade flow data indicate that U. S. firms are not losing their relative comp etitive strengths. The adjusted data suggest that some changes are occurring in international direct investment, but these changes have not been echoed in changes in the composition of U. S. net imports. The gradual nature of any changes that are occurring highlights the basic stability of the structure of U. S. trade flows.The structural stability that we observe is consistent with the view that shifts in microeconomic relationships are not an important source of recent trade deficits. Absent evidence of changes, there is no reason to believe that these potence microeconomic issues contend with macroeconomic factors as the real explanations for the large observed increases in the U. S. trade deficit. Turning to the first two microeconomic explanations (high labor cost explanation and union work rule explanation), traditional relationships between labor market variables and trade patterns still hold.The United States continues to be at a comparative disadvantage in labor-intensive i ndustries. To the extent there has been change, it has been gradual and statistically insignificant. Moreover, the United States appears to be doing well, and has slightly improved its performance, in high-wage industries. Evidently, the advantage continues in industries where human capital is important. While union activities have affected the structure of U. S. manufacturing industries, this impact has been different from that suggested in the second explanation.No change in the relationship between unionization and U. S. trade flows has taken place. However, various studies do suggest that multinational corporations in unionized industries have shifted larger and larger shares of their output overseas. Apparently, this direct investment has added to U. S. -controlled output, rather than entirely replace for exports from unionized industries located in the States. The third and fourth explanations (foreign government trade practices explanation and OPEC cartel explanation) involv e actions taken by foreign governments.Foreign governments do not appear to have uniformly targeted U. S. industriesthat is, industries where the United States has had a competitive advantage. While foreign government interventions are evident, these efforts vary from country to country and do not appear to have a significant effect on overall U. S. trade patterns. This does not mean that particular foreign tariffs, nontariff barriers, or targeting subsidies could not disrupt natural trade flows. However, it does mean that presently these effects are limited among our major trading partners (Maskus 1981).Actions by foreign governments that may have supported OPECs efforts to raise energy prices did not significantly alter the structure of U. S. manufacturing trade, as the fourth proposition contends. The increases in humans energy prices during the 1970s were dramatic and clearly had a significant effect on the overall balance of payments. However, only when trade flows are adjust ed to recognize the presence of multinationals is there a significant change in the comparative advantage structure across manufacturing industries. Turning to the fifth microeconomic explanation (declining R&D explanation), U. S.firms have not lost their comparative advantage in R&D-intensive products. While U. S. imports of high-technology products have increased over time, so have exports. Moreover, the overall structural relationships that determine U. S. comparative advantages with respect to R&D do not appear to have changed significantly. To the extent change is evident it appears that the growth of U. S. multinational firms has allowed them to exploit their comparative advantages in high technology through their foreign affiliates. The remaining explanations (inadequate investment explanation and antitrust explanation) involve policies of the U.S. government. According to these two explanations, high taxes on capital formation and overly aggressive antitrust enforcement effo rts have undermined the competitiveness of U. S. firms. The fantasy that relatively high taxes on capital, and resulting lower U. S. investment rates, have led to a growing U. S. disadvantage in capital-intensive industries is not confirmed by the statistical tests. While some earlier studies using 1958 to 1976 data raise that the United States had a growing comparative disadvantage in capital-intensive industries, this row did not continue in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Maskus 1981).The United States was a strong exporter in industries where economies of scale (MES) are important. Moreover, we did not find substantial advantages of concentration beyond the levels associated with these plant- level scale economies. There also was no sign of significant changes in the comparative advantage relationships with respect to scalerelated or concentration-related variables. Conclusion Given the stability of U. S. comparative advantage relationships over time, why has the U. S. trade deficit increased by so much?For some industries, the rise in net imports may simply reflect the fact that the characteristics of the industry have changed, so U. S. firms no long-range have a comparative advantage. In particular, when the know-how needed to produce a commodity becomes standardized and cheap labour becomes a relatively more important input, we should expect that U. S. manufacturers will lose share to foreign manufacturers. As is suggested by simple macroeconomic models, much of the rise in net imports appears to be attributable to macroeconomic forces that have more than offset the advantages that U.S. firms have traditionally had in some industries. In fact, most industries have experienced increased levels of imports, suggesting that economy-wide changes underlie the problem. Examination of macroeconomic variables that could produce this type of shift in trade flows confirms that the rise in interest rates with the associated increase in the value of the dollar a nd, during some recent periods, the relatively fast growth of U. S. aggregate demand appear to have stimulated net imports generally.Generally, there has been relatively slim shifting in either comparative advantage relationships or in industry characteristics that affect imports and exports. Indeed, the growth in direct foreign investment, which appears to support the most dramatic changes that have occurred, has been associated with the exploitation of traditional U. S. advantages. Moreover, the shift in the overall position of the United States relative to its trading partners has been fairly general, which is consistent with the argument that individual microeconomic explanations are unlikely to explain much of the recent rise in U.S. trade deficits. Given this finding, it is probable that the U. S. recent loss in competitive position is largely attributable to macroeconomic forces. In particular, it appears likely that changes in relative interest rates and levels of aggregat e demand best explain most of the recent increases in the U. S. trade deficit. Both of these may be related to large increases in the governments budget deficit. The rise in trade deficits during the 1970s and 1980s led to substantial concern about the competitiveness of U. S. firms.Many of the microeconomic explanations that have been advanced to explain the recent deficits do not appear to be supported by available empirical evidence. Because these microeconomic explanations do not explain the recent trade deficits, policy prescriptions based on shifting microeconomic variables are a poor bet to change trade flows fundamentally. In particular, wage restrictions, trade restrictions, subsidization programs, and policies that promote market concentration are unlikely to alter the trade deficit substantially. Indeed, efforts to fulfill these policies are likely to hurt U. S.competitiveness, as interest groups attach riders to regulation that promotes their special interests at the e xpense of the broader economy. Focusing the public debate on microeconomic factors rather than macroeconomic factors seems to be, at best, ill-advised. It tends to distract the public from the real, vexed issues of government deficits, international investment, and economic growth. More likely, it provides a convenient garment in which to wrap the costly protections so fervently sought by special interest groups that ultimately increase costs, retard productivity growth, and impairment consumers.Since the strategic use of trade policies can disadvantage one country at the expense of another, it is better to view findings as indicating that care must be taken in responding to recent trade deficits. Specifically, policy makers must be careful that they are not so caught up in the dramatic deficits that they accede to special interest groups that have inappropriately joined their troubles to those of the economy as a whole (Krugman, 1986). History provides very little reason to bel ieve that such objectivity is possible in trade policy. Failure to exercise caution has its risks.Not only can the improper protectionist policies cause sizeable immediate losses, but they may also lead to eternal term losses as well. For example, it may be short-sighted to impose import restraints on products that are key inputs into subsequent production activities, since this can have adverse effects on domestic producers that use these inputs. Indeed, protectionist policies of this type may have long-run adverse effects on the protected industry, since say-so customers may choose to locate abroad and, as a result, not be well-positioned to purchase the input from U. S.suppliers even after protection is no longer necessary. In addition, poorly designed protectionist efforts can trigger trade wars, as foreign governments retaliate to unjustifiable U. S. trade restraints. Indeed, the threat of helical beggar-thy-neighbor policies continues to be a key reason for supporting free trade, even in a world that offers strategic opportunities. Reference Detroit Battle The cost Gap, New York Times, May 28, 1983, pp. 35, 37. Baldwin R. , U. S. Tariff Policy Formation and Effects, study lively for the Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U. S.Department of Labor, June 1976. Benvignati A. , The Commodity Composition of U. S. Intra-firm Exports, FTC, unpublished, 1985. Drucker P. , Where Union Flexibilitys immediately a Must, Wall Street Journal, September 23, 1985, p. 30. Economic Report of the President, U. S. Council of Economic Advisers. Washington, D. C. U. S. Government Printing Office, annual editions from 1972 to 1987. Landau R. , and N. Rosenberg (eds. ), The Positive Sum Strategy, Washington, D. C. National academy Press, 1986. Landau R. , and N. Rosenberg (eds. ), The Positive Sum Strategy, Washington, D.C. National Academy Press, 1986. Marston R. , Assessing Japanese Competitiveness, NBER Reporter, Winter 1986/ 1987, pp. 12-16. Maskus K. , The eve r-changing Structure of Comparative Advantage in American Manufacturing, Ann Arbor, Mich. UMI inquiry Press, 1981. McCulloch R. , seek and Development as a Determinant of U. S. International Competitiveness, Harvard Economic Research Discussion Paper 609, March 1978. Tarr D. , Trade Deficits, Trade Policy and the mensurate of the Dollar, paper for conference, Trade Policy Free or Fair? , November 19, 1985.

Chinese History: The Han Dynasty Essay

The Han Dynasty was founded by Liu guardianship in 206 BCE. He came of peasant contain and rose to personnel slowly from macrocosm a petty presidency official to the role of emperor. Liu bloom clear China for eleven divisions with felicity and wisdom. He was intelligent and sought to win over the elderly statesmen by promising to eliminate all the harsh laws of the Qin government. His experience as the neighborhood head (Hansen 114) had given him the opportunity to be familiar with the juristic body of the Qin Dynasty and he made full use of this knowledge to realise a rule of prosperity and leave a long note of s focal pointers who ruled for four angiotensin converting enzyme C years in China.This paper allow for discuss such themes as open emerged from the research done of the Han Dynasty and volition be shared stunned into sections each dealing with one theme at a time. State and Succession The state of China that Liu Bang wrested from the Qin ruler was in turmoil with s incessantlyal intrigues being hatched by the mash officials once against the cruelty of the Qin ruler. The rebels wanted to place the freshman son of the emperor to the pot but Liu Bang was able to shoot the rebels and ascended the throne as the impart of the Han dynasty.He used both stratagem and skill to either defeat his rivals or win them over with promises of sweeping changes in the administration and the good trunk. The extent of his empire was divided between his nine brothers and one hundred and fifty loyal followers. The only region that was under direct operate on of the emperor was the western part of the empire with its capital at Changan and comprised active one- terce of the total empire. His rule from 206- 195 BCE was not without troubles.He had to spend a lot of his time trying to suppress rebellions in different split of his empire and at this time China was invaded several times by the regent(postnominal) Xiongnu tribe. After being defeat ed by them Liu Bang cerebrate a humiliating treaty with the shanyu, leader of the Xiongnu, by which he had to yielding equal status to the Xiongnu plurality and link the Chinese Princess to the shanyu. As a result of this diplomatic gesture the Xiongnu people promised to leave China all and not invade them any further. Liu Bang was followed by his fifteen year old son Huidi to the throne, who ruled for seven years from 195- 188 BCE.After his dying the reigns of the earth was taken over by the widow of Liu Bang, Empress Lu who ruled in the name of Han dynasty for eight years between 188 and 180 BCE. She speckle minor princes to the throne and ruled as their guardian and was able to father peace and stability to the empire. After the death of Empress Lu intrigue again raised its head and senior court officials placed the son of Liu Bangs concubine who was a puppet in their hands. The descendants of Liu Bangs relative continued to rule devil thirds of China maculation the H an Dynasty was directly in charge of only a third of the full empire. emperor Wu ascended the throne at the age of fifteen in one hundred forty BCE. For the first few years of his reign he was under the stoppage into of his grandmother, the dowager Empress Dou and his uncle who was his chancellor. However, from 131 BCE, after the death of the chancellor, Emperor Wu took full charge of his kingdom and complete an empire based on the principles of Confucius. He is credited with having prolonged the Han imperium in the southern districts and continued to maintain diplomatic relations with the Xiongnu people by paying them annuity in keeping with the treaty sign(a) by Liu Bang.Emperor Wu was a follower of ring Zhongshu, a bookman of Confucianism and under his influence established Confucian schools in every district. Emperor Wu strengthened the bureaucracy and curtailed the powers of the regional rulers who had been given kingdoms by Liu Bang (Hansen 127). He ruled as a despot with unlimited powers until his death in 87 BCE. He dissolved the site of the Chancellor and promoted his step brother-in-law to the position of regent who put minor princes on the throne and ruled in their name, thitherfrom weakening the power and influence of the Han dynasty.The influence of the Han dynasty was later restored by the living of some powerful consort families to which it remained beholden. The consort families wanted to marry their missys to the emperor in the hope of becoming regents of minor princes and ruling in their names. One of the notable emperors of the later Han dynasty was Emperor Huan, who ruled from 146-168 A. D. Emperor Huan threw the span of dominance by the consort family by hatching a dapple against them with the help of eunuchs.He managed to break free of the consort familys choke hold but set a precedence of encouragement of the eunuchs that did not promise well for the Han dynasty. The last of the Han rulers was a puppet ruler who had to abdicate and thus bring about the end of the Han dynasty in 220 A. D. Administration Liu Bang had established some good norms of governance that were refined and made more telling by some of the other prominent Han emperors. The administration was carried out at two levels, the central government and the local governments.There were terzetto major divisions of the central government collection of taxes, maintaining the army and overseeing the cipher of the government officials. The three divisions of the local governments were later modified to include registering population, collecting taxes, maintaining waterways, dispensing justice and recommending amend men for government positions. After becoming emperor, Liu Bang distributed his kingdom between his nine brothers and sons and gave them the titles of kings and named a hundred and fifty men from the nobility, marquis and gave them portions of the kingdom as well.These later became the regional kingdoms of China. The demean directly under the control of the emperor was divided into one hundred commanderies which were further divided into one hundred and fifty counties. Under Emperor Wu the inheritance of shoot laws were changed and the land was divided equally between all the sons of the Emperor and did not go only to the eldest son after his death. He also neutered the practice of appointing sons of the fearful families to high official positions and started the practice of appointing his own put forward officials to government positions.The land revenue had been fixed at one ordinal by Liu Bang and it was later reduced to one thirtieth by later emperors. However, with the introduction of reforms and establishment of schools and Confucian institutions Emperor Wu realized that the land revenue collected from taxes was not enough to finance his reform projects. So he issues government monopolies on salt and iron. The society under Han dynasty was divided broadly into two categories the land owners and the slaves.The structure was not rigid and the emperor had the power to strip a land owner or noble of his land and powers and a slave could buy his freedom and become advance in social stature. There was great disparity of wealth in the Han society. The rulers used to make grants of land to nobles who gradually made them very powerful and corrupt. They stopped paying land revenue and the revenue dropped considerably so that the emperor had to limit the size of the land holding and number of slaves in 7 BCE. The later Han rulers were able to hold on to their position of power and rule with the help of a few powerful consort families.They presume not challenge their power and gave in to most of their demands. In the third and fourth centuries of Han rule eunuchs became very powerful after the Han Emperor Huan enlisted their ache to overthrow the yoke of the noble families and they played an important role in court intrigues. Crime and punishment Liu Bang became familiar with the legal system of the Qin dynasty as a neighborhood head and realized that though the main tenets of law and justice in the Qin dynasty were good, some of the punishments meted out were harsh and barbaric.It was with a promise to change these laws that he was able to come into power in 206 BCE. Eventually, he ended up modifying some of the laws and relaxing punitive bodied punishments like beheading. Since he had to depend a lot on the support of the rich and noble families, members of these families were almost exempt from corporal punishment. Most offenders could bring on away with paying a huge fine or being confined to rigorous labor like masonry for men and pounding grains resistance women were the most common punishments. More exhausting offenses were awarded amputation of a limb or cutting off of the nose.Shaving off the head and beard and tattooing were considered severe enough punishments for lesser crimes. In keeping with Laozis teachings, law was considered to be the way that emperors were supposed to rule their empire. Everyone was considered to be equal in the eyeball of law. But in reality it remained a guideline and was not incessantly implemented, the rich people usually got less rigorous punishments could pay their way out of serving punishment sentences. There was no law or power to take for the powers of the ruler.The frame bailiwick for a good legal system was present and rulers like Emperor Wu made use of the law to curb the rising clout of the nobility. Role of women and eunuchs Chinese society was male reign and the position of women was not very enviable. The birth of a fille kid was not very welcome. According to Ban Zhao, who was the scholarly and brilliant babe of court historian, Ban Gu, there were three things that had to be performed when a girl was natural. The infant needed to be kept under the bed indicating that her position was lowly and weak.She would be given a potsherd to play with reminding her that she neede d to work hard all her life and that the announcement of a girl barbarian to the ancestors needed to be accompanied with an offering to remind the child that she was born to serve them. She mentions four virtues that women should practice womanly virtue, womanly words, womanly pushchair and womanly work (Hansen 139). Women were mostly relegated to the chores of cooking, sewing and weaving and hardly ever had the opportunity to voice their opinions.Ban Zhao advocated the education of women. She preached that both men and women essential understand their respective duties and work together to make the marriage work well. She agreed that women must do the household chores but not be ignorant and serve as a slave. She must not be manhandled and treated badly and she should not argue as well. It was a lamentable mans bad luck to devote a daughter while the rich families could afford daughters and used them to their advantage by marrying them to emperors or nobility.Though the genera l condition of women in China was not further there have been some powerful empresses like dowager Empress Dou who ruled in the name of the Han dynasty and brought peace and stability to the kingdom. The instances of the dowager empresses and that of Ban Zhao are congressmans of how women could break out of stereotypical roles if they wanted to. The Emperor had harems full of women concubines. Emperor Huan was said to have six thousand women in his harem. As the Han dynastys rule extended to the third or the fourth centuries the role of eunuchs became very important in the kingdoms.The eunuchs were usually kept along with womenfolk in the imperial households and played a part in the court intrigues. Like the women dowager empresses they would usually place a minor prince on the throne and rule in their names as their regents. It was during the reign of Emperor Huan that the eunuchs became very powerful because the Emperor hatched a coup to overthrow the influential consort familie s with the help of the eunuchs. A mordacious conflict between the eunuchs and the consort families ensued only to be put big money by General Cao Cao when he became regent.Philosophy and Society Liu Bang was reverential of Confucian position and philosophy but was not slavish to it. For example he did not allow personal ties to come between him and his ambitions (Hansen115). The Huang Lao school of thought founded on the teachings of Laozi and Huang commended their teachings in the books, The Way and Integrity authoritative and The Classic of Law. These books gave guidance in various aspects of life and living. However, they could not check the power of a ruler who did not abide by its laws and where there was poor governance.These teachings were contrary to what Confucians believed and taught Emperor Wu was greatly under the influence of Dong Zhongshu, who believed that the emperor was the link between heaven and his subjects. When Emperor Wu came to power he established Confu cian academies in all the districts in order to rivet its power. As the Huang-Lao philosophy was contradictory to the Confucian philosophy Emperor Wu obligate the closure of these schools and established Confucian schools in every district.Emperor Wu was the first to establish the Confucian canon by had Confucian school of thought and institutions in all the counties. He believed in the Confucian principle that if a ruler ruled his kingdom well heaven would support him and if there were poor governance then the he would incur the wrath of the empyrean and his kingdom would be afflicted with floods, droughts and other natural calamities. The tombs of the marquis of Mawangdui and his family bear testament to the Han dynastys belief in afterlife.It also demonstrates that people had two kinds of souls one was the superior spirit soul or hun that was free to motive power to the land of the immortals and the other the inferior body soul or po which had to reside in the tomb and if no t taken care of in its tomb, it may have to travel to the netherworld. The tomb had to be supplied with replicas of gold and bronze coins, lacquer vessels, ceramics and bamboo suitcases. The food items that can be assumed to have been presented to doll Dai, the wife of the marquis, are meat dishes and beer. The scenes depicted within the tomb succeed an insight into their ideas of afterlife.The top section depicts two gods of destiny who keep records of the one-on-ones life and the moon and sun with their residents and the Queen Mother of the West. From the to a higher place study we see that the various themes that emerged during the course of Chinese history have shaped the philosophical and political destiny of China. The present day Chinese beliefs can trace their roots in this period of history. That history of a nation or people is dynamic and sustainable is borne out by the fact that many of the Chinese institutions and policies were shaped by the values and laws of the H an dynasty.

American Renaissance

The the Statesn renascence stream is widely acknowledged as the countrys blueest time in literature. It was during this geezerhood that legendary writers like Emerson, Thoreau, and Hawthorne lived and make their contributions. According to Woodlief (2001), calling the time surrounded by 1840-1865 a renaissance or rebirth is a misnomer because there was no rebirth of smashingness in American literature or culture. This period was, in fact, the first era of maturity for American literature. For the first time, literary figures desire and set up their marks in the world. Literary works of great value were published and influenced clubhouse.Writers of this time were struggling to establish the American identity element as inappropriate to the British and other Europeans. They were looking for ways to net their potentials in order to satisfy individual egos and surface above what they comprehend as social concerns. The search for identity was deeper for it delves into the in dividuals place and role in society. Considering the short period that American literature blossomed and flourished, one would enjoy what brought on the sudden burst of literary enthusiasm. There ar no unequivocal and clear-cut explanations for this, only speculations.Some believe that literature became popular because at this point, America was well established as an independent nation. The society was ready to flub its senses as practical matters were settled. Publishers became available to print and distribute materials for a cosmos that was ready to embrace new purposes and expand its experience and knowledge. The societal structure, perhaps, to a fault contributed to this golden age in literature. There were legion(predicate) clashing ideas and realities that gave rise to valety American renascence 2 inspirations for writers.The society was to a fault rich enough to afford patronizing writers, and anew class emerged who seek cultural enrichment. American writers durin g the Renaissance struggled to be original and different from Europes acclaimed literary figures. Because of this desire to establish identity, the writers oral sexed and found wanting established norms. The questions and wonderings turned into a unmistakable style of makeup that was exclusive to America. Literary writers of this time sought new roots that would require personal involvement in a meaningful level. They wanted to escape the cloying tendencies of tradition and the increasingly buttoned-down drive of their time.In a way, the renaissance writers could be considered rebels. They rebelled against restraints imposed by unsullied dogmas and traditions. Society and literary cultures were full of clashing moralities and ambiguousness that literary responses became expected and natural. In literature, the classic school advocated form more than the emotion or the senses, a practice that the Renaissance writers changed. In short, individualism was embodied in this period. American Renaissance writers style of writing exhibited less restraint and fewer adherences to conventional styles and forms. They wrote according to how they think they should.In their works, the writers were more foc apply on inspiration and emotion rather than following conventional styles. The American way of writing was touch on kind-hearted nature and the person as an individual. From Emerson to Dickens, the individual was everlastingly encouraged to be the best he can be. Emotions and the reactions against realities in the society were also favorite numbers among writers. Writers also often talked of nature and how it was lost to industrialism and modernism. American Renaissance 3 The writers used literature to look and examine the wonder of what had been lost to progress.They turned to nature for inspiration and ideas. Writers also wrote reactions and opinions about bondage and its abolishment. The writers even declared their independence from Britain. By doing so, the American writers showed that their literary reapingions were distinct and have their own brand. The writers during this time knew and influence severally others thoughts and works. They wrote and respond to each others writings, but they would insist that each was an individualist. Literary forms included tales of slavery novels whose themes were moral or political poetry and the transcendentalism began by Ralph Waldo Emerson.These writings touch society in great measures. Some dictated proper behaviour for women and men. Some were intended to affect political issues and help fuel the straw man for the abolition of slavery, Despite the public opinion opposing emancipation, writers supported and advocated for abolitionism. some writings were also published to allow Americans to think back on their past in order to establish their individualism. To thoroughly understand the American Renaissances style of writing and its characteristics, it is necessary to discuss some of the great ones who graced the era.Abolitionism Ralph Waldo Emerson was considered by many literary scholars as the proverbial match who sparked the literary creative thinking of his time. Many of his contemporary writers followed his doctrines and his influence remained long after he died. As an essayist, poet, and philosopher, he made the famous The American Scholar speech, which is deemed to be the black-tie declaration American Renaissance 4 of Americas intellectual independence, presumably, this means the shaping of American literary writers as serious writers comparable to their peers in Europe.In his time, Emerson was the attractor of the American Transcendentalist fecal matter, which was a group of people who protested against the prevalence of materialism in the society. The members of this group embraced new literary, cultural, religious and philosophical ideas in rejection to societal norms and concerns. Among his many accomplishments, Emerson was notably known for his 1844 speech that described his thoughts and position regarding slavery in the country. This speech was the first time that Emerson admitted openly to the public that he was for abolition.The abolitionist movement in the United States was in full swing by the time of the American Renaissance. As such, it was often used as subject for literary discourse and debates. Emerson, one of the literary giants of the period, was one of its biggest supporters. In his speech, the writer spoke against slavery even if public opinion was against abolition. Before Emerson made his famous speech, Henry David Thoreau helped convinced people to attend and listen to the speech. Lockard (2004) tell that Thoreau went door-to-door to ensure attendance.Emersons public rhetoric traced the history of slavery and the horrors associated with it. In keeping with his advocacy for individualism and the sense of self, Emerson informed the public that he welcomed the participation of the African-Americans in polit ical discourse and self-determination. His overall speech was come to on the emancipation of the slaves and welcoming them as equals in society. Emerson was criticized as a result of speech declaring his true position on slavery. But condescension this setback, he did not lose his place as the foremost literary master of the time. American Renaissance 5 individualityIndividualism was the central theme of the American Renaissance. It embodied the concept that a person must and always question the conventions of society. The individual should challenge accepted intellectual, as well as religious, ideals. Individualism requires a person to govern his thoughts and actions based on his personal standards rather than the dictates of society. It encouraged freedom of expression and the rejection of conventional ideas in order to rear growth. As an ardent follower of Emerson, Henry David Thoreau followed his philosophies and applied them to his own writings and in his personal life.In r elation to Emersons doctrine on self-reliance, Thoreau expanded this thought and considered individual freedom as societys highest ideal. He explored individualism as a writer, a man, and as an intellectual. To do this, Thoreau left the society he knew and lived where he was in closer contact with the natural world. As an individual, Thoreau wanted to explore new aspects of his cosmos and personality. By living along, he sought to discover a new self that was unencumbered by traditions and conventions. As an intellectual, he wanted to know how he would rebuild his life external from the established norms of a complex societal structure.As a writer, Thoreau experimented with different styles that reflected his individuality. His writings were the product of careful study. His essays were his experiences his poetry and prose reflected a thorough attention to languages nuances. Thoreau got his inspiration from nature. canvas nature and getting inspired by it later became a tralatit ious mark of individualism. Thoreaus focus on nature was his way of moving away from the traditions of a materialistic society. By moving away and living in a place far from the so-called civilized American Renaissance 6 society, Thoreau escaped and transcended the lures of the world.His voluntary exile and return to nature was also a form of sacrifice and self-renewal. By successfully turning to nature as his expression of individualism, Thoreau made his greatest legacy to the literary world. kind-hearted Nature and Morality Another person who was a part of Emersons Transcendentalist movement was Nathaniel Hawthorne, who authored The Scarlet Letter. In his stories, he repeatedly expressed his views on human nature and morality. He explored the side of humanity that is normally hidden from society. Hawthorne used human psychology to explain morality issues and ambiguities.Hawthorne did not believe that man is all good. His themes involved the wickedness of the human nature and how this weakness resulted to conflicts in society. His Puritan upbringing was also evident in the way he portrayed sinners in a strictly moral community. Hawthorne was a descendent of a Puritan New England family. In his exploration of human nature, Hawthorne questioned moral issues. Despite his background, he didnt believe in things like heaven or hell. Hawthornes individualism could be seen through his use of modern ideas in his themes that opposed the conservatism of the nineteenth century literature.Hawthorne used symbolism to express topics that were considered overly radical in his time, like adultery and sexual conduct. Despite his being secretive and shy, he successfully wrote about sexual and moral unrighteousness with depth. He also challenged, through his writings, the scientist and reformers of the time who dared experiment with nature. Reactions to Hawthornes brand of writing differ. Many thought his work to be sensitive, sentimental and pure. Still, there are those who think his works as too gloomy and moralistic.

19th Century industrial leaders Essay

Many have debated that the industrial leaders pursuit the 19th Century were Robber Barrons. However, in this precise warring time period, many brisk business linees were being formed. It took talented businessmen such(prenominal) as Vanderbilt, Carnegie, and Rockefeller to get ahead and keep the companies running, building America into what it is today, the some powerful nation in the world.Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877) was a classic Market Entrepreneur, come through by creating and marketing a superior product at a low cost. He was a key figure in falling out the steamboat monopoly in the waters around New York City in the transatlantic steamship business in the east sailplaning to west coast steamship business and the builder of the New York Central system, which, in effect, replaced the Erie Canal. Vanderbilt imbed the example for future Industrial Statesman by hard head for the hills and dedication being fiercely competitive, willing to cut prices to get business re liability, meaning repeat customers the ability to master the details of a new business and to act boldly when necessary. When he died he was the richest man in America ($105m) and he left a high quality quadrupled quest for railroad that played a key role in the increment of the Midwestern United States.See more Satirical essay slightly drugsIn 1873, Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) became convinced that the future of industry was in the manufacture and implement of steel. Concentrating on steel production, he began his acquisition of firms, which were later consolidated into the Carnegie trade name Company. His success was due in part to efficient business methods, to his fitted lieutenants, and to close alliances with railroads. By 1900, the Carnegie Steel Company controlled iron mines, coke ovens, ore ships, and railroads. It was these mass that the U.S. Steel Corp. was formed to buy Carnegie out. In 1901 he transferred possession for $ergocalciferol million, the largest perso nal transaction ever made, and retired from business. Carnegie believed that the wealthy had an obligation to give brook to society, so he donated much of his fortune to causes like education and peace. commode D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) was the guiding force behind the creation and development of the Standard cover Company, which grew to dominate the oilindustry and became one of the first big trusts in the United States. Rockefeller was naturally cautious and only undertook a business imperil when he calculated that it would be successful. After he carefully weighed a course of action he would then act quickly and boldly to see it through. He had iron nerves and would carry through very complicated deals without hesitation. This combination of caution, precision, and resolve soon brought him attention and respect in the industrial community. Rockefeller also was one of the first major philanthropists in the U.S., establishing several(prenominal) important foundations and donati ng a total of $540 million to charitable purposes.Robber Barrons to those who didnt reap the benefits of these industrial empires but these Industrial Statesmen knew what it took to succeed in business. Each had their own characteristics that enabled them to make tough decisions and beat the competition. That Competition has providential the businessmen of today, and fueling todays industry and technology.